MASTER 

NEGATIVE 
NO.  94-8231 8- 9 


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U.s:  Dept.  of  Commerce 


goods  trade  in 


Far  East 


Place 


,  D.C 


Date: 


MASTER  NEGATIVE  • 


COLUMBIA  UNIVERSITY  UBRARIES 
PRESERVATION  DIVISION 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC  MICROFORM  TARGET 


OmGINAL  MATERIAL  AS  FILMED  ■  EXISTING  BIBUOGRAPHIC  RECORD 


U.S.   Dept.  of  xu^mmerce. 

...  Canned-goods  trade  in  the  Far  East,  by  J.  Alexis  Shriver, 
commercial  agent  of  the  Depairtment  of  commerce.  Washing- 
txHi,  Govt,  print  off.,  1915. 

tip. 

At  head  of  title:  Department  of  commerce.  Bureau  of  fordgil  md 
dmiMitle  commerce.  B.  B.  Pratt,  chlet  Special  asentoaerleft-no.  02. 

I,  C^ttntfig  and  pnnoiving — Industry  and  trade.  2.  U.  S. — Oomm.— 
mSTlWwt  last)  3.  Bast  (Far  East)— Comm.— U.  S.  i.  Shriver, 
Joseph  Alexis,  1872-  n.  U.  S.  Bureau  of  foreign  and  domestic  com- 
merce (Dept  of  commerce)  ui.  Title. 


15—26101 


library  of  Oongress 


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RESTRICTIONS  ON  USE: 


TECHNICAL  MICROFORM  DATA 


HLM  SIZE: 


REDUCTION  RATIO 


IMAGE  PLACEMENT:  lA 


IB  IIB 


DATE  RLMED:  /^'^l"^^ 


INITIALS: 


TRACKING  #  : 


FILMED  BY  PRESERVATION  RESOURCES.  BETHLEHEM.  PA. 


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LIBRARY 


School  of  Business 


DEPARTMENT  OF  COMMERCE 

MBEAO  OF  raiEial  m  doaestic  oomaa 

E.  E.  PRATT,  Chief 


SPECIAL  AGENTS  SERIES-No.  92 


CANNED-GOODS  TRADE 

IN  THE  FAR  EAST 


J*  ALEXIS  SH RIVER 

Owatrekl  Afmt  «f '      Dipwttwat  of  Ommmm 


WASHINGXpif       ■  ' 
GOVEKIIMEia  PRlNtlNCi  Of  FICfi  ;  : ' 
1915 


ABBinOlf  All  0OPIB8 
mucAsioir  Mir  m  nocuEXD  ntov 


PRINTOra 

at 

H  Gum  PBR  GOFt 


CONTENTS. 


Letter  flfiiibiiiiltil....     S 

CSiiioA  ,   7 

Introduction   7 

Present  natural  demand  for  canned  ioodA.   .......  8 

Restaurant  life  in  China   ID 

Methods  of  an  English  company.  -  •  H 

The  sole-agency  question  :   12 

Successful  American  methods   14 

CJhinese  canning  factories   17 

Importance  of  establishing  American  brands   M 

Suggestions  for  developing  trade   21 

Chosen   25 

Manchuria  and  Siberia   26 

Japan  —   28 

Intiodnction  -   28 

The  li^ttieae  home   28 

JapeiMB  food  and  meals   30 

QoTemmeal  aid  to  canning  industry    38 

Pue-food  regulations      87 

Oan4nakingiactoiiei..........      4i 

Pkinc^Md  canning  centers    48 

Crab-canning  industry.     47 

Salmon  industry   SO 

The  Hiroshima  factoriss   58 

Trade  in  foreign  canned  goods   58 

Market  for  condensed  milk   60 

Conclusions     62 

Siam   82 

Introduction  ■   62 

The  papaya  and  its  uses   64 

Straits  Settlements   64 

Introduction  -   64 

Canned  salmon   65 

Trade  in  condensed  milk   66 

Direct  representation   68 

Batdi  East  Indies.   68 

Oeykm.....   70 

Philippines.    -   72 

Noteson  the  tiide  in  Egypt   74 


•  m 

8 


LETTER  OF  SUBMITTAL. 


DEPAmTMENT  OF  OOMMEBOB, 
BUBEAU  OF  FOBEION  AND  DOMESTIO  COMMEBOB, 

'Washington J  December  1,  19H. 
Sir:  There  is  submitted  herewith  a  report  by  Commercial  Agent 
J.  Alexis  Shriver  on  the  canned-goods  trade  of  the  Far  East,  with 
notes  on  the  trade  in  Egypt  and  a  report  by  Consul  A.  A.  Williamson, 
of  Tansui,  Taiwan  (Fomosa),  on  the  canned-banana  industry  of 
Taiwan.  This  monograph  may  be  considered  as  sappknmtary  to 
"Foreign  Trade  in  Canned  Goods/'  publidied  as  Spemal  Consular 
Reports  No.  54,  and  "South  American  Trade  in  Canned  Goods," 
published  as  Special  Agents  Series  No.  87. 
Respec^ully, 

E.  E.  -Pratt, 
Chi^  aj  Bwreau, 

To  Hon.  WnxEAM  C.  EbdfieuIi 

Seerdary  of  Oommme.  * 

5 


CANNED-GOODS  TRADE  IN  THE  FAR  EASL 


CHINA, 

nfrBODircTioN. 

The  early  traders  from  Europe  and  America  were  obliged  to  confine 
their  interchange  of  commodities  with  China  to  Canton,  and  it  was 
not  until  1842,  as  a  result  of  the  treaty  of  Nanking,  that  five  such 
treaty  ports  were  opened  to  foreign  trade.  The  number  of  such 
cities  has  since  been  increased  to  48,  and  the  demand  for  a  greater 
number  is  constantly  being  urged  by  foreigners.  At  some  of  these 
treaty  ports,  as  at  Shanghai,  there  are  reserved  areas  not  subject 
to  Chinese  authority,  known  as  the  international  settlements,  and 
in  these  the  representatives  of  the  various  nations  dwell  under  the 
jurisdiction  of  consuls  from  their  own<  countries.  This  is  known  as 
^'extraterritoriality"  and  is  the  outcome  of  the  treaties  betweiMi  17 
different  nations  aiid  China. 

It  can  be  seen  from  this  statement  that  only  a  small  portion  of 
Qiina  Is  so  far  really  open  to  foreign  trade,  but  steady  progress  has 
lieen  made  in  the  last  naif  century  and  we  seem  now  to  be  on  the 
threshold  of  changes  that  will  create  new  trade  difficult  to  measure. 

Under  present  conditions  what  amounts  to  practically  a  5  per  cent 
tariff  on  imports  and  also  on  exports  from  the  treaty  ports  consti- 
tutes the  custom  charges  for  entry  of  goods  into  a  treaty  port  with 
the  privilege  of  reshipment  to  other  treaty  ports  without  additional 
payment.  By  a  further  payment  of  one-half  of  the  rate  of  the  ad 
valorem  tariff,  that  is,  approximately  2 J  per  cent  surtax,  goods 
destined  for  interior  points  not  treaty  ports  are  exempt  from  the 
"hkin,"  or  local,  tax.  As  yet  this  provision  of  the  treaties  is  some- 
what uncertain  and  goods  destined  for  interior  points  may  be  held 
up  at  various  points  for  the  collection  of  this  hkin  tax  on  goods 
moved  through  the  interior,  this  tax  corresponding  to  the  "octroi" 
of  European  countries.  Time  and  increasing  trfuie  will  probably 
overcome  ^s  condition  of  affairs,  howevw. 

The  American  trade  with  China  is  carried  cm  by  tlie  wholesale 
merchants  who  live  in  these  treaty  ports.  The  bulk  of  the  whii|s» 
sale  trade  in  eumed  foods  is  handled  oy  such  merchants  in  Shandtiai 
and  Hongkong,  who  sell  to  the  retail  merchants  in  those  cities  aim  in 
other  treaty  ports.  Practically  no  canned  foods  go  beyond  the  treaty 
ports  except  to  the  missionaries,  and  these  are  usually  purchased 
through  the  retail  merchants  in  the  treaty  ports.  The  retail  busi- 
ness in  the  treaty  ports  is  carried  on  largely  by  English  or  French 
houses  that  are  chiefly  department  stores  carrying  a  large  variety 
of  f^,ommodities  needed  by  the  American  and  European  elements  in 
those  treaty  ports.  In  the  more  distant  treaty  ports  this  business 
is  carried  on  by  Parsees  or  Chinese  retail  merchants.    The  more 

f 


8 


<UHxaD.4ooM  nun  at  nm  mm 


m  several  of  the  more  linportann^v  »SJlr  ^SS^- 

Hankow,  and  in  addition1^nd^  me^\*^M«  fiS  S  .  ""'^ 

i«q>oiSto^£jraf  e^'"'!?;?^^^        ^^g^g^d  t«  limit  tiSeir 

d"wription  iwtlMto'som? extent^ hv*n *'T''',/°''/\°' ?«>°»« 
importing  hoiM«.  l«tlS»^lSS11^„  i- ^  u^^''^^  *"  lai^e 
f<>^tut^(Tom^e^^;Zr^^^'^  houses  represent  mani 
goods.  The  oldest  md^t  SSS^  jn  practically  every  Une  of 
ness  also  act  asfu>^A^^L^V^*'  ^^^^  import  busi- 

their  own,  s^>        iSM'^ariSyT^'^^^T  •  ^'^'^".^ 
sales,  particularly  of  canned  foodl^^iSLSll^t^   their  time  the 
for  such  articles  and  nracticiJlVn;'  t^JT^         natural  demand 
real  exploitation*^  ^ptSus^ 
whi^&ere.asnuJlzn«giaofp„.fitary^ 

nEsmn  matoul  demand  fob  cammed  ioods. 

h^n^SS  ^^V^^^,  «^  ^  '^t"'''  '^'^^  de^^^'id  that 
The  use  rf^^  foJS  kKilf  "'"'f- exploitation 
in  China.   A^^SiS^  I^^S^K^tllS V,?-  «'«°'«''t 
toms  for  laii  tKirL-SJ-^  retuins  of  the  Chmese  Mantime  Cus- 
fXw?        •  population  was  155,778,  distributed  m 


Hatinnlitj. 


American  

Austro-Hnngaty' 

Belgiui  

Bnudlian 

British  

Banish  

Batdi   ' 

Otrman.. 

Hangariao  " 

Italian.....  •  ; 


Wkma, 


m 

17 
2 

eos 

9 
113 
I 

at' 


Persona. 


8,470 
385 
291 
22 
10,256 
2»5 
192 
1,925 
a,  758 
20 


NatloDaUly. 


Japanese  , 

Korean  *'** 

Norwegian ...  r  r  *  * 
PortugiMBe..."** 

Russian  

Spanish  

Swedish  !!.'!!* 

Nontreaty  powers. 

TWaL....... 


l,ltt 
48 
8 
57 
118 
« 
1 
4 

%9m 


Hongkoni  ^  a  ^S^SA      f^^^^  ^J^^^  that 

there  m%itmk  lartS^lT^^i^  ^""^  ^^^^^  entering 

itaolf:  m  otto  pomto  aad  do  not  go  into  China 


OAKHBD-OOCm  IBABB  HT  THB  FAB  BAST. 


f 


1008 


mi 


ma 


fkh: 


Salmon- 
China  

Hongkong  

Canned  fish,  oUmt  thaa  Mimon  or 
ibeUflsli — 

OIlllMfri .  •«...••..••....*•••...• 

Honglwif..  

Oysters- 
China  

Hongkong  

Shellfish,  all  oMiar— 

China  

Hongkong  

JUI  other  fish  and  fish  products— 
ClUna..  


Fruit: 

Dried  apples— 

Chhia  

Hongkong  

Qiwn  or  ripe  apples— 

Chhia.  

Hongkong  

Dried  apricots- 
China  

Hongkong  

Dried  peach»-> 

Chin».  , 

Hongkong  

Prunes— 

Chfaia  , 

Hongkaac  

Raisins- 
China  


Hongkong.... 
sTanoUMr 


Fruits.  . 
toed- 

Chfaia  

Ilonfjkong  

Canned  fruits- 
China  

_  Hongkong  

huils  prepared  ot 


green,  ripe,  or 


,  an 


Honey: 

China  

Hongkong. 

liiats 

Omed  beef- 
China  

Hongkong. 

Canned  pork- 
China  

Hongkong. 

AD  other  eamand  meat  products- 
China  

Hongkong.. 

Batter: 

China  

Hongtrailg.  

Oieese: 

China  

Hongkong  

Condensed  milk: 

China  

^.  Hongkong  

fflrup: 

China  

HongkaBg  

Vigetabtas,  canned: 

China.  

Hongkong  

An  other,  including  pickles  and  sauces: 
China.... 
Hongkong 


Total- 
China.. 


12,154 
13,367 


4m 

978 

942 
4S3 

889 
1,430 

106 
28,199 


900 

1,181 

7,846 
8,193 


140 


3,329 
1,883 

1,894 
1,388 


12,098 
4,181 

24.689 
9,318 


1,545 
191 

810 


2,191 
8,642 

779 


6,875 
6,734 

1.319 


18.987 

87,034 
39,145 

202 
128 

21,232 
88 

12,450 
3,752 


84,887 
9,707 


964 
746 

917 
555 


811 


203,414 
139,196 


90,810 


11, 


96 
28,199 


1,187 

7,855 
12,291 

345 
194 

134 
8 

3,448 
1,468 

1,837 
1,483 


10,783 
3,561 

20,606 
6,971 


376 
88 

907 
84 


8,024 
3,881 

771 
916 

4,104 
6,732 

522 


12,420 
17,006 

57,294 
22,343 

7U 
84 

13,708 
8,099 

4,116 
2,752 


82,688 
12,284 


764 
182 


78 


18,048 

888 
43,886 


2,207 
1,273 

6,164 
11,621 


151,653 
137,799 


481 

166 
S8 

2,980 
1,188 

1,746 
3,807 


11,541 
1,414 

15,183 

t,m 


m 
m 

633 
334 


7B0 
3,388 

2,731 
406 

9,627 
12,967 

351 


12,031 
17,032 

28,734 
1,218 

64 

14,103 
10^083 

3,314 
1,577 


12,867 
7,362 


1,239 
189 

397 
102 

265 
10,199 

887 
9,tt7 


3,382 
1,871 

6,900 
11,965 

740 
418 

325 


4,525 
1,887 

2,520 
1,563 


9,659 
1,  - 


13, 
8^916 


219 
74 

849 
238 


2,167 


155 
810 

8,918 
8,616 

254 


9,310 
18,984 

27,354 
5,435 

819 
ITS 

17,477 
9,409 

3,501 
2,794 


ii2,a'io 

140,898 


117.062 
96,017 


84.340 
17,115 


1,509 
1,188 

674 

105 

415 
10,339 


461 


1. 


2,761 

i,r~ 


6,888 
13,185 

1,297 
638 

445 


4,788 
3,188 

3,351 
3,996 


14,125 
I. 


23,973 
11,878 


317 

1,406 
442 


1,663 
6,014 

157 
3,654 

11,141 
9,690 

168 


18,668 
17,«U 

94,014 
13,203 

485 


11,164 
19^809 

8,042 
2,569 


217,115 

131,  " 


218,079  I  848,367 


86,760 
49.360 


1,481 
256 

744 

122 

544 
19,831 

490 


2,678 
1,116 

10,211 
16,812 

2,569 
801 

107 

7,464 
1,864 

4,393 
4,309 


4,041 
810 

22,709 
13,700 


1,760 


1,748 
817 


140 


1,578 
3,727 

19,364 
9,572 

83 


15,823 
14,579 

91,211 
13,083 

618 


28,468 
11,907 

11,467 
2.705 


387,492 


83,i 
17,3 


1,861 
1,905 

•77 

WW  ■ 

1,806 


3»W6 


11,136 
1^186 

1,183 
1,698 

466 

w 

6,180 

1,111 

5,900 
2,087 


3,443 


24.000 
4,800 


3,007 
116 

3,844 


23,901 
5,897 

177 


13,849 
5,300 

91,890 
8,731 

572 


38,505 
6«'038 

10,407 

'MA 


350,985 


MA  atM 
a^OOB 


71363**— 16  2 


10 


049MHSKKXIIS  TBASm  OT  XKB  Wm  BAST. 


This  ^jm  m  average  of  $362^54  per  amnuii  fop  the  last  three 

of  24,000,  excluding  the  Japanese  and  Ruslians,  wouW  ttXa^ 
capita  expenditure  of  httle  more  than  $15  for  American  canned  fo6d8 
^oimt  sinip-HMirely  a  amaU 

The  statistics  of  the  Chinese  Maritime  Customs  are  not  s6  arranged 
that  a^y  satisfactory  comparison  can  be  made  with  the  total  ua- 

K  1^^*^^''''^'.^'  canned  foods  imported  into  China  from 

^ut  as  a  matter  of  course  foreigners  in  China  de- 
mand the  product  of  their  native  countries.    This  is  evident  from 

E*'!^!^^  I^^^^^  ^^^^^d  foods  found  S 

TO  retail  gFOO^  stocks  of  the  stores  of  the  princioal  treatv  nnrt^ 

ieHW  do  not  indicate  that  any  quantitvTc^^^^^^^^^ 

l»i|lit  by  the  Chkese  themselves.   Personal  observation  and  in- 

qmnes  confirmed  the  mipression  that  canned  foods  are  not  sold  to 

many  of  the  native  Chmese,  vet  that  there  is  some  demand  for  certain 

Ann  nnT?*^  ^^^^  Chinese 

(about  500,000  m  nimiber)  who  have  taken  up  residSce  in  the  inter- 
national settlement  of  Shanghai.  Although  those  sections  of  tK- 
ternationd  settlement  of  Shanghai  occupied  entirely  by  Chinese 
furnish  ample  evidence  of  the  retention  of  most  of  the  dnnese  cm- 

toms,  yet  it  is  noticeable  that  many  western  customs  have  crept  in- 

t^t"^ ^''^^''^.u^^''''^  ^  ^  tendency  to  adopt  western  dish^ 
that  indicates  that  progress  m  this  direction  could  be  made  if  Amflsi- 
can  methods  of  advertising  and  exploitation  could  be  used. 

SBSTAURANT  UFB  IN  CHINA. 

.  The  r^taurant  is  one  of  the  most  familiar  sights  in  China.  The 
smplest  form  consists  of  two  stands  suspended  From  the  extremities 
of  a  bamboo  carrying  pole  slung  across  the  shoulder  of  a  half-naked 
cooue  and  moved  about  from  customer  to  customer,  alwavs  readv 
imd  much  patromzed.    One  stand  contains  a  smaU  charcoal  fire 
^^Z^^  tomnorary  restaurant  set  up  al  fresco,  with  more  or 
iMjMrmanent  rough  board  tables  and  benches.    These  are  some- 
tomes  provided  with  awmngs  op  huge  umbrellas  and  are  patronized 
by  the  coolie  class.  Coolie  cooks  are  employed.   Next  ibove  this 
type  comes  the  permanent  opoa-front  r^urant  occupying  the 
^imd  floor  of  a  house  on  some  impcHrtant  Chinese  thoroughfare 
The  stoves  or  open  hearths,  with  the  pots  op  other  cookmg  utensUs 
are  usuaHy  on  tie  street  front,  attractmg  the  Chinese  by  thi  odors  oi 
frymg  foods.   The  dark  mtenors  of  these  restaurants  are  fitted  with 
tables  and  benches,  and  the  cook-waiters,  or  in  the  better  daaa  of  audi 
r^taurants  the  waiters,  serve  the  meals  to  an  ever-present  eroiNB 
ine  Uunese  restaurant  par  excellence,  however,  is  much  superior  tdl 
any  of  the  above.    It  is  a  large  two-story  building  with  a  carved  ot 
h^hly  ornamented  front  and  well  calculated  to  attract  attention. 
The  ground  floor  is  occupied  by  the  kitchens,  as  a  rule  in  full  view 
and  possibly  by  a  store  for  the  sale  of  food.    A  broad  stabwav 
usuaUy  covered  entirely  with  beaten  brass  plates,  leads  to  the  second 
mff,  an  an-angement  not  unfamiliar  to  those  who  patronize  the 
i^ese    chop^uey    restaurants  in  the  larger  American  cities 

T^^^  ^«  second-etQiy 

imaurants  m  crowded  during  the  busy  hours. 


OAinnm-GooDs  tbaob  m  tbm  vab  sast. 


The  Chinese  entertain  at  these  restaurants,  not  at  home.  IMnner 
parties  are  fi*equently  given,  and  the  dinnors  are  often  of  great  length, 
running  up  to  as  many  as  40  to  60  different  courses.  The  restaurants 
are  primarily  for  men,  although  it  is  not  imusual  in  the  higb-class 
restaurants  of  the  intemation^  settlement  of  Shanghai  to  see  entire 
Chmese  fandlies  dining  together  on  the  porticos.  This,  however, 
is  the  result  of  foreign  Innuence  among  the  wealthy  Chinese  who 
have  gathered  in  Shanghid  and  who  luive  adopted  many  western 
customs;  it  is  not  sanctioned  by  the  Chinese  generally.  In  fact, 
it  is  the  rule  throughout  China  that  the  women  remain  at  home,  and 
although  the  men  dine  out  more  frequently  than  at  home,  the  women 
and  children  of  the  family  remain  in  their  ^'compoimd"  and  prepare 
their  own  meals.  At  the  restaurants,  the  cooks  and  other  attendants 
are  always  men. 

The  dishes  served  at  the  better-class  restaurants  are  usually  un- 
famiUar  to  the  American.  Shark  fins,  bkd's-nest  soup,  pigeon  eggs, 
bamboo  shoots,  abalone,  duck  with  orange  peel,  melon  seeds,  preP- 
served  eggs,  lychees,  caramboles,  and  a  long  list  of  others  seem  more 
or  less  strange,  and  yet  the  majority  of  the  dishes  are  relkhed  by 
by  those  forei^ers  who  can  overcome  thrir  prejudices,  and  many  of 
the  combinations  of  foods  and  sauces  are  exceedingly  palatable. 
The  desire  for  ereat  variety  is  the  feature  that  may  lead  to  a  more 
extended  use  oiAmerican  canned  foods  in  the  restaurants.  Already 
peas  and  asparagus  have  hem  introduced  and  are  much  liked.  A 
favorite  dish  is  a  mixture  of  small  shrimps  and  peas — an  exceedingly 
tasty  preparation.  If  Ammcan  methods  of  advertising  could  fa»e 
employed  to  induce  the  proprietors  to  use  a  number  of  American 
canned  products  on  their  menus  or  as  ingredients  in  some  of  their 
dishes,  an  extensive  trade  might  be  established  in  certain  Unes. 
Canned  com  and  tomatoes  might  have  such  an  outlet.  The  former 
could  be  eaten  as  easily  with  chopsticks  as  peas,  while  tomatoes  • 
could  be  used  in  sauces  and  as  an  ingredient  in  many  dishes.  Salmon 
has  already  had  some  sale,  and  judging  from  the  avidity  with  which 
it  is  bought  by  the  Chinese  coolies  on  the  rubber  estates  on  the  Malay 
Peninsula,  it  should  have  a  much  larger  sale  in  China  proper. 

The  Chinese  eat  with  chopsticks  and  also  with  their  fingers  when 
necessary,  and  a  small  flat  porcelain  spoon  is  always  to  be  found  at 
each  place  at  a  Chinese  table.  The  courses  are  served  in  a  plate 
placea  in  the  midcUe  of  the  table,  from  whidi  each  person  belpB  mill- 
s'. Frequently  Uie  host  picks  over  the  contents  of  the  diah  to  find 
the  daintieat  morsd,  whidi  he  offers  to  his  guest  as  a  mark  of  polite- 
ness. The  method  of  s^vfng  mMtIs  differs  greatfy  from  that  of  the 
Japanese,  the  use  of  tables  and  chairs  being  universal  in  China.  The 
food  flJso  differs  greatly  from  the  Japanese,  for  although  chopsticks 
are  used  and  the  Food  is  cut  up  so  that  it  can  be  handled  easily,  thero 
is  a  wide  difference  in  the  general  charact^  of  the  food  and  its  prep- 
aration. 

METHODS  OF  AN  ENGLISH  GOBiPANT. 

That  western  foods  may  be  introduced  by  means  of  these  restau- 
rants and  the  various  tea  nouses  is  being  amply  demonstrated  by  the 
Anglo-Swiss  Condensed  Milk  Co.,  an  Engl^h  corporation.  This 
company,  by  establishing  its  own  branch  oJice  and  force  in  Hong- 
kong, with  plans  to  estaDliah  similar  branches  in  other  large  treafy 


IS  GAinTED-GOODB  TSADE  IK  THE  FAB  EASY. 

ports  in  China,  has  begun  a  campaign  to  familiarize  the  Chinese  with 
the  use  of  milk.  In  Canton,  Swatow,  and  other  southern  cities  the 
company  hm  been  introducmg  condensed  milk  through  these  same 
restaurants  and  tea  bouses.  In  the  wanner  sections  of  southern 
China  Ihev  have  been  demonstraihiff  soccessfullj  the  rrfreshing 
qualities  oi  ice  cream  made  from  condensed  milk.  Ihey  have  also 


■ 

1  

The  force  in  Hongkong  has  opened  a  branch  store  in  Canton  where 
supplies  are  always  available  and  from  which  a  vigorous  campaign 
of  education  is  bemg  carried  on  throughout  that  section  of  southern 
China.  Small  boats  make  excursions  up  the  rivers  and  canals  dis- 
tributing literature  in  Chinese,  httle  souvenirs,  and  even  miniature 
cans  of  milk  with  full  directions  for  use  in  Chinese  characters.  Adver- 
tising matter  is  posted  now  in  many  parts  of  China,  more  particularly 
dong  the  railroads. 

*  The  company  s  main  office  in  Hongkong,  in  one  of  the  best  office 
buildings  in  the  city,  consists  of  four  large  rooms,  and  the  office  force 
comprises  about  10  mon,  including  the  Chinese  shroffs  and  inter- 
prets. In  one  of  these  rooms  there  is  a  large  showcase  containing 
the  different  brands  of  milk  in  attractive  form.  Here  the  Chinese 
are  afforded  a  "look  see"  and  supplied  with  mformation,  as  weil  as 
sach  souvenirs  as  fans,  iiilere,  ana  erai  docks  hewing  an  advertise- 
nflnl  of  the  condpan j. 

THE  mUM-AmSCY  QUESTION. 

It  has  been  shown  that  the  present  market  for  American  canned 
foods  in  China  depends  largely  on  the  natural  demand  by  the  small 
number  of  foreigners  and  that  the  sale  of  such  goods  to  Chinese  them- 
selves has  not  mm  seriously  attempted.  Tms  condition  of  affairs 
can  be  accoimted  for  to  some  extent  by  the  fact  that  the  importers 
selling  canned  foods  in  China  have  no  spe^  inducement  to  attempt 
such  exploitation  even  if  they  are  fiiiaiiaiJly  able  to  do  so.  American 
inns  have  not  always  been  willing  to  mier  Into  a  contract  for  a 
pmod  of  yeaiB  with  any  one  commission  agent  fiMr  a  sols  agency, 
whereas  many  European  nouses  do  make  these  long-period  contracts. 
The  sole  nemm  has  its  advantages  and  disadvantages.  The  agent 
asks  himsen  wny  he  should  endeavor  to  push  an  article  unless  he  has 
a  sole  aeency  assured  for  a  number  of  years.  Unless  he  has  a  sole 
agency,  ne  argues,  any  of  his  competitors  can  buy  the  same  article, 
and  if  they  wish  can  so  change  the  market  that  his  profits  may  be 
materially  lessened  or  even  turned  into  a  loss.  Unless  he  can  control 
the  market  price  he  is  never  sure  of  a  profit  or  at  least  the  percentage 
of  profit  necessary  in  order  to  do  business  in  the  East.  Hence  he 
decides  that  goods  are  not  worth  pushing  unless  he  has  control  of  the 
market  for  a  sufficient  number  of  years  to  justify  his  efforts  in  intro- 
diidn^  them.  Otherwise  it  is  best  for  him  to  accept  such  orders  as 
come  m  and  on  which  he  is  sure  of  his  profit. 

On  the  other  hand  the  manufacturer  may  run  a  great  risk  in  con- 
tracting for  a  long-term  sole  agency  with  a  firm  that  for  some  reason 
does  not  or  can  not  push  his  goods  properly:  and  if  he  is  not  well 
acfisainted  with  his  afints  he  may  find  lumsen  tied  up  with  some  one 
 Interested  in  kiting  him  off  the  market  than  in  developing  his 


.CANNED-GOODS  TBADE  IN  THE  FAB  BAST. 


trade.  To  guard  against  such  contingencies,  therefore,  the  manu- 
facturer frequently  endeavors  to  fix  the  minimum  amount  to  be  taken 
by  the  agent  each  year,  and  in  some  cases  (principally  in  the  case  of 
jJngUsh  manufacturers)  offers  a  bonus  on  a  slidmg  scale  when  the 
whole  year's  business  exceeds  the  certain  fixed  amount. 

The  greatest  difficulty  arises  in  such  cases  as  the  following:  An 
American  firm  of  canned-food  manufacturers  will  appoint  an  agent, 
say,  in  Shanghai,  to  sell  goods  throughout  Giina.  This  agent  will 
have  a  branch  omee  in  Hongkong  or  will  appoint  a  subagent  fat  that 
city  to  represent  hhn  in  southern  Oiina,  and  will  send  bis  repreeen- 
tative  or  go  himself  to  Hankow,  Tientsin,  and  other  important 
treaty  ports  to  take  orders  and  sometimes  to  appoint  subagents. 
After  working  for  possibly  a  year,  during  which  tune  he  builds  up  a 
trade  for  that  particular  line  of  goods  or  brand  and  establishes  the 
name  and  quahty  of  the  goods  on  the  market,  he  is  surprised  to  find 
that  one  of  his  customers  nas  purchased  from  another  source  the  very 
goods  he  is  handling.  In  some  cases  these  goods  are  sold  at  a  lower 
price  than  the  origmal  agent  can  afford  to  sell  them.  This  under- 
selling may  come  about  in  two  ways : 

The  goods  may  be  purchased  directly  by  a  competitive  importer 
who  desires  to  obtain  the  agency  for  this  brand  oi  goods  and  who 
undersells  the  original  agent  to  obtain  that  agent's  trade  and  also 
to  show  the  American  manufacturer  his  ability  to  make  greater  sales 
than  the  original  agent.  Of  course,  such  a  condition  of  affairs  Is 
easily  possible  where  the  American  manufacturer  Is  willing  to  receive 
ordeiB  from  any  one  in  China  rather  than  depend  ndiolly  upon  the 
original  agent.  The  shortBightedness  of  sudi  a  course  Is  obvious,  yet 
the  writer  found  several  cases  of  this  very  diaracter.  The  original 
agent  faUs  short  in  his  sales,  may  even  have  goods  en  route  on  which 
he  will  make  less  than  his  r^ular  commission,  and,  beoomii^  dis- 
gusted at  the  lack  of  protection  given  him,  accepts  only  such  ot&fs  as 
come  to  him  unsoficited.  The  agency  is  transferred  to  the  compeMtor, 
who  undersold  him  with  that  end  in  view. 

Underselling  may  come  about  in  another  way.  The  manufacturer 
may  give  a  sole  agency  for  China  to  some  one,  as  in  the  foregoing 
case,  and  yet  this  sole  agent  will  find  the  goods  of  this  manufacturer 
coming  on  the  Chinese  market  in  competition  with  himself.  Inquiry 
brings  forth  the  fact  that  these  goods  have  been  purchased  through 
some  San  Francisco  or  New  York  house,  although  the  manufacturer 
states  that  he  has  no  knowledge  of  selUng  such  goods  to  San  Fran- 
cisco or  New  York  houses  for  export  to  China,  and  claims  that  he  is 
not  In  a  position  to  protect  the  agent  agaiast  such  competition.  The 
outcome  of  this,  as  in  the  other  case,  IS  a  change  of  agents,  and 
eventually  another  change  as  soon  as  a  new  importer  undermines  the 
trade  of  the  second  agent. 

The  writer  found  one  well-known  American  canned  food  in  Hong- 
kong that  had  been  handled  by  so  many  agents  that  the  only  one 
who  cared  to  handle  the  line  was  a  Chinese  merchant.  As  there  is 
competition  from  England  in  this  line  of  canned  food,  and  an  active 
agent  well  protected  by  the  English  manufacturers,  the  American 
article  has  only  a  slight  chance  of  remaining  on  the  market  at  all. 
Direct  deaUng  with  the  Chinese  merchants  in  the  treaty  ports  who 
cater  to  the  trade  of  the  missionaries  and  other  foreigners  is  not 
regarded  favorably  by  the  foreign  merchants  in  the  treaty  ports  for 


the  reason  that  a  Chinaman  can  afford  to  mU  goods  at  15  to  20  cmti 
moht  per  case,  as  he  can  Uve  on  a  very  smaU  profit,  wbmw  the 
foreign  merchant  claims  that  it  is  necessary  to  make  5  or  even  10 
per  cent  profit.  Some  merchants  acting  as  agents  state  that  thev 
^IfLwiT?  l^^j},?  ."^^^  they  can  control  tLe  market  in  such  ii 
mmnOT  that  the  Chmese  retail  grocers  are  ^rced  to  purchase  the 
rtiSi^^^  sufficiently  high  to  enable  the  foreign  ^ocor  to  get 

The  EngWi  canned46od  concerns  seem  to  take  the  view  that  the 
^a^^  f  *  ^  ^  long-term  contract  is  the  most 

TS^i^^f^'w^^f^^^  ^"^^^  "  canned-food  busi- 
^SfJL^^  ^  Tf^  ?  five-year  contract  and  a  sole  agencv, 

IrJT^  ^-  commB^  sold  in  liis  temtoiV 

TZt^ir^i'^T  a  oommission  on  them,  and 

80  coatrollii^  the  sale  at  home  that  goods  eaa  not  be  bought  there 
for  shipment  to  Ohma  with^^^  11^  agent  b 

allowed  60  to  90  days'  credit  on  the  goods,  by  wfaM  me^Tle  ciS 
extend  credit  to  some  of  his  clienta  in  Ghinii. 

This  question  of  sole  agencies  has,  erf  eourae,  two  sides.  Tlie 
American  manufacturer  hesitates  to  tie  up  for  a  long  period  with  an 

nf^llifll^  Tv.^^  ^^^Y^  ^  cTiiiia  is  almost  a 

necessity  if  a  thoroughly  satLsfactory  understanding  is  to  beroaiAed 
Unl^  the  prospective  business  is  large,  the  manufacturer  iisua% 
fcrmdi  a  faip^  can  not  afford  to  spend  the  time  and  money  neeenaiy 

SUCGBSSFDL  AMBUCIAII  MBraODa 

fr^^  ^^^t  f7®*xT^t  ^i^*  estimated  at  4,278,352  square  miles 
(The  area  of  the  United  States  and  Alaska  is  3;57i;492  sqmre^T) 
A  census  of  the  kind  taken  in  western  nations  has  never  been  attempted 
S-.  T*'  and  the  nearest  approf.ch  to  a  rehable  estimate  is  probably 
the  census  of  households  (not  individuals)  taken  by  the  Chinese 
Itoistr^  of  Litenor  m  1910.  Assuming  5.5  persons  to  a  household 
H  1^ '  H  *  census  m  various  parts  of  the  country  was  found 
fJ^nJlo  popuktion  toUls  331,00(),0(;o,  including 

Tf^*Wr*  ^^"^  P50«>fJ>k  population  of  Tibet.    (Population  of  thf 

93,402,151  in  1910.)    This  vast 
^untry  is  as  yet  krgely  unknown  to  the  outside  world,  but  the 

te^J^^''%^T  ^  ^^^g  10  y^rs  have 

^  and  the  proposed  means  of  communication,  together 

3J!L!r  ^^^^''jy  opened,  wiU  bring  about  muck  ^eater 

changes.  In  the  end  trade  with  the  West  wiU  be  established  t&oueh- 
out  the  country.  This  will  not  come  about  suddoily,  but  whenfte 
prejudices  are  overcome  the  Httle  trade  now  carried  on  with  the 
present  treaty  ports  wiU  seeni  as  trifling  as  the  limited  amount  erf 
trade  done  m  the  early  days  of  the  ''factories"  in  Cwiton. 

mind  the  area,  population,  and  the  prejudices  to  be 
0ver^e,  it  will  be  easier  to  comprehend  the  very  remarkable 

fK?Sf  T  a  ?Ll^n^  ^1^^  ^^^i^^^  doing  business  in  China^ 
toe  Stwidard  Chi  Co.,  the  British-American  Tobacco  Co.,  and  the 
f^Z.^"^  Machme  Co.  At  the  outset  these  companies  entered 
^VlSHwfkL'^J?^^^  agency  system.    It  soon  became 

eviaeni  mm  %m  buamess  aid  not  grow,  and  mvestigations  by  capable 


16 


representatives  of  eachi  firm  convinced  them  that  there  was  a  broader 
fidd  in  China  than  could  be  had  through  the  agents  in  the  treaty 
ports,  who  were  busy  with  a  hundred  different  lines  of  goods  and  who 
usually  lacked  the  capital  and  trained  force  necessary  to  reach  out  after 
the  ref,l  Chinese  business.  They  found  the  ' '  compredor  "  system,  and 
they  decided  to  go  beyond  it.  A  description  of  this  system  is  neces- 
sary to  show  how  it  limits  the  extension  of  sales  to  the  native  Chinese. 

Americftns,  Englishmen,  and  Germans  going  to  China  to  establish 
import  and  export  business  find  at  the  outset  a  barrier  to  intercourse 
with  the  natives  in  the  kngur^ge  i.nd  in  the  customs  of  the  country. 
The  foreigner  may  know  his  own  business  and  the  people  he  represents 
at  home,  but  he  does  not  know  how  to  transact  business  with  the 
Chinese  or  even  how  to  converse  with  them.  To  overcome  this  diffi- 
culty the  compredor  cr.me  into  existence.  He  is  a  Chinaman,  speak- 
ing what  is  known  as  "pidgm"  English  (coirupticm  of  "boaneas" 
Enghsh),  a  strcnge  mixture  of  Enghsh  with  Gimese  accent,  Potte- 
gueia,  and  Chinese,  and  the  principal  means  of  oommumcatidn 
between  foreigners  and  the  omnmerciri  Chinese.  The  coinpredmr  is 
usuf.lly  a  man  of  good  finr.ncif.l  standing  who  handles  business  with 
other  Chimjnmi,  uad  he  is  to  some  extent  in  partnershin  with  the 
foreign  import  and  export  merchant.  All  sfies  to  Chinese  are 
referred  to  him.  He  passes  upon  their  credit,  makes  the  sales,  col- 
lects the  money,  and  simply  r.ccounts  to  the  foreign  partner,  who 
knows  little  or  nothing  of  the  Chinese  end  of  the  business,  just  as  the 
compredor  knows  nothing  of  the  American  or  European  end  of  the 
business.  In  ffxt,  erxh  keeps  a  separate  set  of  books  and  the  com- 
predor often  em'^loys  his  own  shroffs,  clerks,  and  salesmen.  In  one 
office  it  was  expL  jned  that  the  shroff  would  spend  an  afternoon  at  a 
tea  house  or  restaurant,  meeting  there  the  Chinese  with  whom  he 
expected  to  transact  business,  and  generallv  returning  with  orders  to 
his  superior,  the  compredor,  for  approval.  Usually  this  approval 
guarantees  payment.  The  shortcoming  of  this  system  is  that  the 
extension  is  left  entu'ely  to  the  Cliinese.  It  can  hardly  be  expected 
that  natives  who  have  never  lived  outside  the  sphere  of  (%inese  con- 
servatism would  possess  that  push  and  energy  in  developing  busing 
that  has  brought  success  to  the  American  at  home  and  abroad. 

Realizing  this  state  <rf  affairs,  the  Standard  Oil  Co.,  the  Britisb- 
American  Tobacco  Co.,  and  the  Singer  Sewing  Machine  Co.  have 
each  in  turn  gone  after  the  business  of  China  in  a  manner  that  cleariy 
demonstrator  that  by  aggressive  American  push  enormoiis  sales  can 
be  made  where  the  old  methods  had  led  to  litUe  business.  The 
agency  system  was  abandoned  by  each  of  these  concerns  in  favor  of 
their  own  organizations.  Tne  compredor  was  not  wholly  dispensed 
with,  but  the  development  of  business  was  not  left  entirely  to  him. 
Each  organization  was  at  first  small  and  results  were  not  expected 
at  once.  It  has  taken  over  10  years  of  patient  work  to  prove  the 
wisdom  of  slowly  but  surely  establishing  themselves  in  China. 

These  companies  bring  young  men  from  America  under  a  two 
or  three  year  contract  to  learn  the  methods  of  conducting  business 
in  China.    Tliey  are  sent  out  to  branch  establishments  at  different 

Eoints  in  China  and  by  degrees  the  different  treaty  ports  have  thus 
ecome  bases  for  the  development  of  the  large  Provinces  and  areas 
surrounding  them.  When  a  new  section  of  country  is  selected  fliir 
development,  an  aggressive  adver^sing  and  educational  campaign  Is 


oAMMMD-mma  Ttuam  m  tmm  yab  bast. 

started.  The  Standard  Oil  Co.  makes  gifts  of  smaU  lamps  and  oil  to 
demonstrate  their  advantages  over  the  old  vegetable-oU  dip.  The 
British-American  Tobacco  Co.  uses  advertising  posters  pnnted  in 
Chinese  characters,  with  some  brand  or  trade-mark  ("chop,''  as  the 
Chinese  term  it)  likely  to  appeal  to  the  imagination  of  the  Chinese. 
These  are  posted  on  walls  where  the  natives  are  accustomed  to  find 
public  notices  and  proclamations.  The  custom  of  spreading  news  by 
posters  is  not  unfamiliar  to  Americans  who  have  visited  the  Chinese 
settlements  of  certain  American  cities. 

Ill  additimi  to  the  advertising,  there  is  a  free  distribution  of  ciga- 
rettes, with  matches  to  light  them.  In  some  cases  a  procession  headed 
l  y  ft  brass  l  and  ftrouses  the  curiosity  of  the  towa  end  naturally 
mquiiies  are  made  as  to  this  new  artide  thus  thrust  upon  theu* 
attenMon.  A  Chinese  merchant  of  standing  in  sueh  a  town  is  given 
a^stock  of  goods,  for  which  he  in  turn  deposits  an  amount  of  cash  with 
the  company  as  a  guaranty;  he  is  usuaL'y  allowed  interest  on  this 
deposit.  He  is  ly  no  means  left  to  dispose  of  hk  stock  alone.  The 
representative  of  the  company  levisits  the  town  and  helps  stimulate 
business  and  the  use  of  ciorarettes.  After  years  of  such  work  it  is 
difficult  to  find  a  city  in  Ciiina  in  which  cigarettes  are  not  smoked, 
and  smoked  ly  all  classes,  even  to  the  poorest  coolies.  No  street 
vendor  or  small  stand  is  without  a  stock  of  these  now  very  popular 
luxuries  of  life.  Camel  caravans  of  cigarettes  start  from  Kalgan 
on  the  Mongolian  frontier  and  cross  the  Gobi  Desert  and  even  readi 
Tibet  and  Turkestan. 

The  Singer  Sewing  Machine  Co.  carries  the  educational  features 
further  than  any  of  the  others.  It  establishes  schools  in  which  the 
use  of  sewing  machines  is  taught  to  those  whose  interest  has  been 
aroused.  These  schools  are  entirely  in  the  hands  of  Chinese,  the 
company  fuaiiiing  the  building  anif  sometimes  the  Chinese  teachers, 
on  salary;  at  other  times  on  a  commission  bads  or  merely  in  a  super- 
visory and  cooperative  manner  with  a  Chinaman,  who  himself  owns 
the  store  and  school,  seeing  the  advantages  to  be  gained  from  a 
-  business  not  left  for  him  to  develop  alone.  A  small  charge  is  made 
for  lessons,  and  this  charge  is  considered  a  sort  of  first  payment  on 
the  machine,  to  be  forfeited  in  case  of  failure  to  purchase.  The  sales 
in  cities  not  on  regular  lines  of  travel  are  almost  unbelievable  in  view 
of  the  low  purchasing  power  of  the  Chinese  and  the  ability  of  nearly 
every  man,  woman,  or  child  in  China  to  sew  or  embroider.  Here  is 
the  evidence  of  what  patience,  hard  work,  and  confidence  will  do. 
The  writer  was  told  that  one  purely  Chinese  city  of  over  100,000 
inhabitants  (and  cities  of  this  size  are  numerous),  which  was  not  on 
the  map  and  the  name  of  which  was  not  known  to  foreign  merchants 
in  Shai^hai  or  Hongkong,  had  been  found  by  representatives  of  the 
Singer  Sewing  Machme  Co.  More  machines  have  been  sold  in  this 
city  than  in  Bongkong  itself. 

The  advertisingmatter  used  by  the  Sinser  Sewmg  Machme  Co. 
mepte  remark.  One  of  ^leir  small  colored  banners  distributed  fmr 
household  decoration  shows  what  careful  attention  has  been  giren  to 
the  study  of  Chinese  tastes.  This  banner,  bearmg  Ghineee  characters 
only,  has  a  series  of  portraits  of  men  prominent  in  preset-day 
Chinese  life.  The  advertisement  was  aesigned  by  a  prominent 
English  firm  in  Shanghai  and  made  in  England.  A  simikr  banner 
made  by  the  same  mm  for  the  Hambuxg-American  Steamship  Go. 


GAJrNSD-GQOnS  TBM)S  IN  THB  FAB  EAST. 


If 


depicts  features  of  purely  Chinese  life  in  attractive  coloring.  Such 
advertising  appeals  to  the  taste  of  the  natives,  and  is  well  worth 
while.  The  Japanese  recognize  the  value  of  advertising  in  China,  and 
the  ''Jin  Tan"  patent-medicine  sign  and  others  similar  in  character 
are  to  be  found!^  throughout  China.  Colors  plav  an  important  part 
in  advertising  in  C^ina  and  most  of  the  succWenil  fimm  give  ^^^^ 
study  to  such  apparently  insignificaatjjetails.  (See  article  oii^HpP- 
tising  in  CSiina  m  Daily  ConsuWlllHHN^  Report  for  June  2,  lill.) 


%ctomss. 


That'  the  Chinese  alreadv  appreciate  and  use  canned  foods  is 
evident.  Along  the  lines  of  the  railways  coohes  sell  not  only  ciga- 
rettes and  sweetmeats,  but  such  articles  as  canned  pineapple  and 
other  goods  put  up  in  China  suited  to  Chinese  taste. 

It  is  a  distinct  surprise  to  find  a  Chinese  canning  establishmwi^ 
o^anized  and  operated  solely  by  CSiinese,  run  in  tiie  up-to-date  and 
efficient  manner  of  the  Tai  Foong  Canned  Goods  Co.  (Ltd.),  of  Shang- 
hai, China.  Much  has  been  written  about  the  pecuEarities  of  Obioese 
food  and  the  impression  has  been  created  l^t  anything  and  erecy- 
thingis  eaten  by  the  Chinese.  There  is  some  foimdation  for  mudi 
that^*»  been  said,  but  there  is  another  side  to  the  subject.  At  the 
canning  establishment  of  the  Tai  Foong  Canned  Goods  Co.  at  Shanghai 
httle  was  foimd  that  could  be  criticized  and  there  were  some  features 
that  could  wdl  be  eo|ned  by  western  canners. 

THE  TAI  FOONO  COMPANT. 

The  Tai  Foong  company  has  a  capital  of  approximately  $75,000, 
American  currency.  It  has  been  in  existence  for  seven  years  and  is 
owned  and  operated  by  progressive  Chinese  who  five  in  the  inter- 
national settlement  of  Shanghai,  where  the  factory  is  located.  The 
managing  director  is  Wong  Pat  Yue  and  the  active  manager  at  the 
factory  is  L.  S.  Chuck.  The  latter  speaks  English  remar^bly  well, 
although  he  has  never  been  out  of  China.  He  received  his  early 
training  in  the  industry  at  the  older  canning  estahhshments  m 
Canton.  The  successfiU  development  of  the  Tai  Foong  company 
seems  to  be  due  largdy  to  his  progressive  spirit.  He  states  that  for 
the  first  four  years  the  factory  was  run  at  a  loss,  but  as  a  result  ol 
improvements  in  machinery  and  methods  and  the  development  of  a 
sales  department  there  has  been  a  profit  for  tiie  last  three  years. 
The  net  profit  during  the  past  season  was  10  per  cent,  of  which  3^ 
per  cent  was  declared  as  tne  first  dividend,  and  the  remainder  was 
put  into  improved  machinery  and  extensions  to  plant. 

The  factory  is  located  on  Soochow  Creek,  at  the  outer  edge  of  the 
residential  district  of  the  international  settlement.  The  impression 
of  substantial  construction  given  by  the  arched  brick  gateway  with  its 
wrought-iron  gates  is  not  lessened  upon  entering  and  inspecting  the 
factory  buildings  themselves.  The  main  building  is  of  brick,  60  by  30 
feet,  with  a  wing  of  the  same  material,  130  by  60  feet.  It  is  a  one- 
story  structure  with  ample  provision  for  light  and  ventilation.  An 
addition  to  the  main  structure,  30  by  100  feet,  was  under  construetion 
in  1913.  Along  the  water  dde  of  the  building  shade  trees  have  been 

71363*»— 16  8 


£:;ilSi:wS^iiiii|S^ 


msmwoHMmm  trauiui  nr  mm  war  bast. 


fliiiited  to  keep  off  the  lie»t  of  the  afternoon  suiiy  wliie  benches  along 
the  retaining  wall  of  the  creek  afiFord  a  ood  resting  place  for  employees 
dniing  meal  hours  or  after  work,  for  many  of  item  live  at  the  nietory. 

There  is  a  second  set  of  three  buildings  about  200  feet  irom  the  mam 
factory  buildings.  They  are  of  brick^  stuccoed,  axB  two  stories  in 
height,  and  contain  storage  room,  sleepmg  and  li^ang  qiuatm  for  the 
workmen,  and  the  offices  and  apartments  of  the  manager.  Every- 
thing is  astonishingly  cleanly  and  comfortable;  there  are  even  iron  beds, 
fitted  with  mosquito  nets,  and  electric  ceiling  fans.  Such  features  for 
Clunese  workmen  are  very  unusual.  The  offices  are  furnished  in  good 
taele,  including  a  large  directors'  room,  with  the  familiar  lon^  Uble 
and  chairs  made  in  European  style. 

In  the  factory  itself  one  is  impressed  by  the  uniform  cleanliness. 
Even  the  bare  skin  of  the  workmen  (who  in  summer  are  not  burdened 
wm  more  than  a  pair  of  white  trousers)  seems  cleaner  than  much  of 
the  greasv  dothing  found  in  establishments  where  white  suits  are  not 
foniishedor  re<|uired.  Electric  lights  are  used  throughout  the  build- 
ing, and  electric  ceiling  andnortame  fans  are  so  arranged  as  to  insure 
a  good  ciiculation  of  air.  The  floors  are  aU  cement  and  are  frequently 
flushed;  an  ample  supply  of  water  from  the  city  waterworks  is  avail- 
able, sup|>lemented  by  a  tank  on  the  top  of  the  buflding  and  a  large 
covered  cistern.  Many  of  the  preparation  tables  have  marble  tops 
and  those  with  wooden  tops  are  frequently  scrubbed.  The  copper 
cookmg  caldrons,  of  German  manufacture,  are  kept  shining.  The 
two  processmg  retorts  were  made  in  Shanghai  after  German  models. 

The  plant  employs  about  80  men  regularly  365  days  iu  the  year 
(Sunday  not  being  observed  by  the  (Siinese).  A  few  women  are 
employed  occasionally.  The  men  are  used  to  all  sorts  of  work,  and 
it  is  unusual  to  find  women  dom^  the  work  that  falls  to  the  lot  of 
western  women;  for  example,  all  the  cooks  in  restaurants,  tea  houses, 
and  street  cookshops  are  men,  as  are  the  room  servants  in  hotels! 
There  seems  to  be  no  class  of  work  with  which  the  Chinese  man  is  not 
famihar;  he  even  sews  and  embroidei-s,  and  his  ability  to  do  laundry 
work  is  well  known  to  Americans.  The  average  wage  paid  these  men 
is  about  $10  gold  per  month,  with  board,  which  the  manager  stated 
costs  about  $2.50  gold  per  month  per  man. 

There  is  a  remarkable  atmosphere  of  satisfaction  and  cheerf uhiess 
mmmg  the  men,  and  although  that  ia  one  of  the  prominent  Chinese 
eharacteristice  it  must  be  rem^bered  that  the  wages  of  these  men  and 
the  treatment  accorded  them  are  decidedly  above  the  standard  in 
Chma.  Many  of  the  men  must  be  expert  m  several  lines  of  work  and 
mmg  to  go  from  one  character  of  work  to  another,  ae  occasion  re- 
quires, yet  they  have  steady  employment  and  better  than  the  usual 
conditions.  It  is  possible  to  keep  this  force  at  work  all  the  year  by 
packing  a  great  variety  of  products,  by  puttmg  the  men  to  work  m 
the  can-making  department  during  the  slack  periods,  and  by  using 
them  in  the  biscuit  department.  In  fact,  about  18  of  the  80  men 
employed  are  now  kept  at  work  in  this  new  biscuit  department.  The 
activities  of  the  factory  are  supplemented  by  a  wholesale  and  retail 
store  situated  in  Nanking  Road,  the  principal  business  street  of  the 
international  settlement  of  Shanghai,  from  which  goods  are  distrib- 
uted to  all  parts  of  China  and  to  the  Straits  Settlements,  the  Philip- 
jnm,  and  even  to  the  United  States. 


CANNED-GOODS  TRADE  IN  THE  FAB  BAST. 


19 


TSB  CANNIKO  VAOTOBT. 

The  products  of  the  canning  factory  include  all  scnrts  of  fruits,  vege- 
tables, fish,  and  shellfish,  and  a  great  variety  of  meats,  fowl,  and 
game.  Material  is  abundant  and  is  dehvered  at  the  factory  at  very 
low  prices,  the  countrjr  surrounding  Shanghai  and  that  along  the 
great  Yangtze  River  being  among  tne  most  fertile  sections  of  China, 
with  a  rooderate  climate  and  long  growing  seasons.  The  total  output 
during  1912  was  about  1,100,000  cans  of  all  sorts,  the  principal  prod- 
ucts beinor  meat,  fowl,  and  fruits.  There  was  a  daily  average  pack  of 
over  3,000  cans,  and  the  capacity  of  the  plant  will  be  much  increased 
when  the  new  addition  has  been  completed. 

Only  a  few  of  the  fruits  packed  are  famihar  to  Americans— pears, 
plums,  peaches,  apricots,  and  apples.  Among  the  purely  Chinese 
fruits  may  be  mentioned  lychees,  loquats,  myricas,  carambolas,  rose 
apples,  kumquats,  ginger,  bitter  melon,  and  a  number  of  others. 
Of  the  famihar  fruits,  the  pears  and  the  apricots  are  more  nearly  like 
the  American  products^  althoi^h  they  are  lacking  in  flavor  and  size 
and  can  not  compare  with  the  Califoniia  fruits.  Ine  cans  are  smaller 
than  usual  in  America,  a  1 -pound  can  being  the  standard  size.  The 
pears  seemed  entirely  too  hard,  but  it  was  explained  by  the  manager 
that  American  pears  were  too.  soft  for  the  Obnese  palate;  in  his  own 
words,  the  Chinese  '''like  to  chew  what  they  eat."  He  cooks  his  fruit 
at  a  low  temperature  in  order  to  retain  as  niueh  of  the  hardness  as 
possible.  Fruita  are  put  up  in  two  styles— one  with  sirup  and  the 
other  wilkh  a  very  hght  sirup  or  entirely  without  sirup.  The  receipt 
for  sirup  calls  for  10  pounds  of  sugar  to  100  pounds  of  water,  although 
for  very  green  fruit  as  much  as  12  to  15  pounds  of  sugar  are  used. 

After  receipt  at  the  factory  the  fruit  is  washed  in  hot  water  and 
then  peeled  and  pitted  if  necessary.  Desire  was  expressed  to  find 
machinery  for  this  work  as  well  as  for  other  processes  of  canning  and 
can  making.  So  far  all  purchases  have  been  made  through  the 
German  representatives  of  a  Berlin  house,  who,  being  on  the  ground 
at  Shanghai,  have  kept  in  touch  with  the  requirements.  After 
peehng,  the  cans  are  filled  by  hand,  sirup  added,  and  cans  capped. 
.  The  processing  is  done  in  the  closed  steam  retort  at  about  225  F. 
for  8  minutes.  The  cans  are  then  vented,  resoldered,  and  after  a 
second  processing  for  a  shghtly  longer  period  at  the  same  tonperature 
are  cookd  either  in  cold  water  or  in  a  cold-storage  room  installed  for 
that  purpose.  This  cold-storage  plant  is  the  usual  ammonia  appa* 
ratus  <^  Qerman  manufaetuie. 

One  of  the  fruits  not  gemimSkj  known  in  America,  but  which  makes 
a  i-ather  attractive  canned  fnut,  s(»newhat  resembling  the  plum  in 
appearance  and  flavor,  is  the  loquat.  Thirty  thousand  oana  ol  this 
fruit  were  packed  in  1912,  the  packing  period  lasting  from  three  to 
four  weeks,  beginning  about  the  middle  of  June.  T\ua  fruit  is  found 
in  many  parts  of  Chma  and  is  a  favorite  with  the  Chinese.  The  cost 
of  raw  material  dehvered  at  the  factory  is  $2  gold  per  100  pounds  for 
the  best  quality.  The  completed  product  sells  at  $5.10  gold  per 
case  of  48  one-pound  cans  at  the  company's  salesrooms  in  Shanghai. 

The  lychee  is  slightly  smaller  than  the  ordinary  plum  and  as  canned 
has  a  whitish  transparent  flesh,  with  a  shghtly  acid  yet  insipid  taste. 
Although  a  favorite  with  the  Chinese,  foreigners  must  acquire  a  taste 
for  it. 


so 


OAMrnmB-QOom  xbadb  m  Tsm  wam  msf  • 


The  myncas  are  small  round  fruits,  somewhat  larger  than  a  laiffe 
strawberry,  with  a  rough  surface  and  a  small  pit.  The  flavor  is  not 
unlike  that  of  the  raspberry,  and  the  berry  and  juice  have  a  purpUsh 
tmge.  Foreigners  have  difficulty  in  acquiring  a  taste  for  this  fruit- 
in  fact,  few  of  ther  fresh  and  cooked  fruits  eaten  by  the  Chinese  are 
liKecl  by  the  foreigners  living  in  the  East. 

^^e  meats,  fowl,  and  game  packed  are  largely  put  up  in  sauces  or 
witli  TegvsiaMes,  and  many  such  preparations  are  very  good.  The 
pnce  list  on  page  22  gives  an  idea  of  the  great  variety  of  products 
packed  by  this  company.  Nearly  all  the  meat  is  put  up  packed  in 
mmH  (approxmiatefy  l-roand)  cans,  while  the  fowl  is  packed  whole 
m  oval  cans  large  enou^  to  hold  whole  fowl.  The  very  best  of  the 
products  of  this  character  is  th6  golden  pheasant,  which  is  reallv 
fKcellent  m  spite  of  the  lard  m  which  it  is  cooked.  It  is  rwnarkable 
that  the  natural  flavor  of  this  delicious  game  has  been  retained  to 
such  a  dcCTee  and  that  the  appearance  and  texturo  should  be  so 
pleasmg.  This  and  other  varieties  of  game,  such  as  woodcock,  snipe 
quail,  and  nee  birds  are  abundant  and  cheap  m  China.  ' 

The  nianager  was  particularly  anxious  to  learn  the  proper  method 
of  packing  these  products  to  please  the  foreign  palate.  Golden 
pheasants  cost  15  to  20  cents,  American  currency,  each  at  the  factory 
and  smpe  and  woodcock  5  to  10  cents.  Last  season  10,000  golden 
pheasants  were  packed  at  this  factory,  and  a  much  larger  number 
could  have  been  put  up  had  there  been  a  demand  outside  of  the 
Chinese  market. 

In  processing  fowl  and  game  in  the  larger  oval  cans,  a  temperature 
Of  about  250**  F.  is  maintained  for  70  minutes  for  the  first  treatment- 
then,  after  venting  and  resoldering,  a  second  processing  follows  at 
the  same  t^perature  for  20  minutes.  For  the  smaller  (1-pound) 
meat  and  game  cans,  file  flrst  processing  is  done  at  240**  F  for  40 
minutes,  and  the  second  cookimg,  after  vwiting,  takes  20  minutes  at 
the  same  temperature.  The  ducks  put  up  with  wioue  sauces  or 
vegetables  are  sold  over  a  large  area,  many  going  to  &igapore. 

At  the  rear  of  the  property  are  arranged  large  sheds  in  which  the 
poultry  IS  kept  and  fattened.  A  large  brick-hned  pond  adjoins  the 
duck  sheds.  Duck  and  goose  livers,  both  whole  and  chopped  are 
also  packed  in  special  sauces  and  find  quick  sale.  ' 

The  variety  of  fish  canned  is  large,  but  not  of  particularly  good 
quality.  The  abalone  is  much  hked  by  both  the  Chinese  and  Japan- 
ese. A  product  of  good  flavor  is  the  scallop  in  chicken  sauce.  The 
scallop  is  apparently  similar  to  that  found  in  America  and  the  flavor 
is  well  preserved  by  the  addition  of  the  chicken  sauce,  which  is  in 
reality  chicken  broth.  Crab  meat  is  also  canned,  but  not  very  suc- 
eessfiilly.  'ihe  Chinese  crab  is  similar  to  the  American  crab  found 
9mm  the  AHaaMc  coast,  and  is  not  so  large  as  the  Japanese  crab. 
m  mmimt  18  used  on  the  interior  of  the  cans  and  there  has  been 
therefore,  much  discoloration  of  the  crab  meat.  ' 

Hie  most  interesting  of  the  flsh  products  are  duurks'  fins,  one  of  the 
best  known  of  Chinese  delicacies.  One-pound  cans  sell  for  tl.85  to 
$1.10,  American  currmcy,  per  can  retail,  according  to  quality. 
This  product  has  been  packed  by  the  Tai  Foong  Co.  for  three  yeais. 
One  thousand  cans  were  packed  the  first  year,  and  there  has  been 
an  annual  increase  of  1,000  cans.  There  are  good  prospects  of  a  still 
more  rapid  growth  in  the  future  as  the  people  inland  find  that  this 


OANXTEO-OOOBS  IBADE  IK  XH£  FAB  EAST.  81 

highly  prized  dehcacy  can  be  purchased  in  cans.  The  sale  of  canned 
shark  nns  indicates  that  there  are  some  Chinese  who  can  afford  to 
purchase  canned  food  when  it  suits  their  taste.  The  sliark  fin  is  a 
gelatinous  substance  requiring  considerable  preparation  for  the  table. 
The  first  boihng  alone  requires  10  hours.  As  served  by  the  Chinese 
it  resembles  tough  strings  of  gelatin  and  has  no  very  distinctive 
flavor.  Foreigners  can  not  understand  the  esteem  in  which  this 
food  is  held  by  the  Chinese. 

All  the  cans  used  at  the  Tai  Foong  factory— 1,100,000  a  year- are 
made  by  the  ordinary  force  at  convenient  times.  The  portion  of  the 
building  given  to  this  department  is  overcrowded  and  not  so  arrange^^ 
as  to  save  labor  or  time  in  handling.  This  space  will  be  rearrangeiBi 
when  the  new  building  is  completed,  and  the  manager  is  desirous  m 
purchasing  as  much  automatic  machinery  as  he  can  find.  This 
should  be.  an  opportunity  for  the  sale  of  some  can-making:  machln^y. 
Correspondence  may  be  carried  on  in  English  witii  L.  S.  Chuck,  m 
care  of  the  Tai  Foong  Canned  Goods  Co.  OLtd.),  515  Nanking  Koad, 
Shanghai.  The  present  machinery  was  furnished  by  a  Boriin  house 
through  its  Shanghai  representative. 

The  electric  motors,  one  8  horsepower  and  one  10  horsepower, 
are  rented  from  the  Shanghai  Electric  Co.  They  are  both  of  English 
manufacture.  The  power  is  transmitted  through  countershafting 
affixed  to  the  ceiling,  operating  18  machines  in  the  can-making 
department  and  3  machines  in  the  biscuit  department,  as  well  as 
ike  lathe  and  small  tools  in  the  repair  shop. 

There  is  a  separate  machine  for  each  step  in  making  the  cans, 
and  there  are  few  modern  labor  or  time  saving  attachments.  A 
catalogue  of  an  improved  American  rubber-ring  press  was  shown 
the  manager  and  aroused  great  enthusiasm  and  a  determination  to 
improve  on  the  slow  method  now  used  in  the  factory  by  the  purchase 
of  an  American  machine. 

The  machme  shop  adjacent  to  the  can-maMng  section  contains  a 
very  complete  ou^t  of  Qerman  tools,  including  a  lathe,  drill,  emery 
wheel,  and  other  necessary  tools.  Cupboards  around  the  room 
contain  dies  of  all  sorts  in  good  ord^  and  carefully  greased.  All 
steel  used  in  repairs  or  otherwise  is  purchased  from  Germany,  as  the 
steel  to  be  had  in  Shan^aa  is  said  to  be  too  soft.  All  tin  used  in 
the  manufacture  of  cans  is  purchased  in  England  at  the  following 
prices:  Best  quality  No.  1  coke,  per  box  of  112  sheets,  20  by  28, 
200  pounds,  dehvered  at  Shanghai  factory,  $9.25,  American  currency; 
a  poorer  quality  of  lighter  tin,  per  box  of  112  sheets,  14  by  20,  90 
poimds,  delivered  at  the  f  actory  at  Shanghai,  costs  approximately  $3« 

BISCUIT  DBPABTMBNT. 

The  biscuit  department  occupies  three  large  rooms  and  the  space 

required  by  the  ovens.  It  has  been  in  existence  three  years  and  in 
that  short  time  has  far  outgrown  the  equipment  with  which  it 
started.  One  thousand  pounds  of  biscuits  are  manufactured  daily, 
but  as  this  does  not  meet  the  demand,  a  new  and  much  larger  oven 
is  being  constructed.  After  obtaining  bids  and  plans  from  (Germany 
the  manager  decided  that  the  oven  could  be  constructed  at  half  the 


ammmommm  trnm  m  tbm  wm  mm, 


OBtimated  cost  if  Chin^  wm  woAde  at  Hankow  md  worked  up  in 
fehanghai  were  used.    The  onginal  plans  were  need,  bat  the  work 

has  been  carried  on  without  outside  aid.  It  is  an  antomatic  oven. 
45  by  10  feet  and  20  feet  high.  It  has  two  fire  boxes  at  the  base! 
Ihe  iron  chimney,  on  which  bids  had  been  received  from  GennaitT 

.  supervision  of  the  factory  manager. 

,  llie  biscuits  are  made  in  about  1 0  different  sizes  and  are  packed 
m  tm  boxes,  round,  square,  and  oblong,  the  most  popular  size  bein? 
the  roimd  one-pound  can  5i  inches  high  and  4  inches  in  diameter 
Ibese  boxes  are  hned  with  parchment  paper  and  are  neatly  labeled, 
llie  flonr  used  is  half  Amencan  and  half  Chinese.  The  butter  used 
18  Australian. 

Tie  smOmmy  m  German,  and  consists  of  a  dough  mixer,  one 
cnttHj^  madme,  and  one  rotting  machine.  These  are  aU  power- 
operated  machmes.  The  dough  mixer  is  much  too  small  and  the 
eompanj  desues  to  replace  it  with  a  larger  and  more  modem  type. 

9TORE  AND  SALES  DEPARTMENT. 

The  store  and  sales  department,  while  not  large,  is  well  located 
and  compares  favorably  with  first-class  grocery  stores  in  western 
cities.  I  he  signs  and  wmdow  display  are  calculated  to  attract 
attention,  and  the  arrangement  of  the  shelves  and  show  cases  inside 
the  store  is  effective.  The  clerks  "are,  of  course,  all  Chinese,  but 
many  of  them  speak  English,  and  all  are  neat,  attentive,  and  accommo- 
Hatmg  lhat  the  foreign  trade  is  catered  to  is  evidenced  by  the 
use  of  English  on  the  signs,  labels,  and  price  lists.  The  labels  abo 
bear  an  lOustration  of  the  product  in  each  case,  and  each  article  is 
assigned  a  number,  which  is  printed  on  the  can  and  corresoonds  to 
the  number  on  the  price  list.  ^ 

There  is  a  good  retail  trade  in  Shanghai  and  a  rapidly  increasing 
busmcas  with  ttie  Chinese  restaurants,  but  the  largest  part  of  the 
trade  18  done  wil^  othw  parts  <rf  Oiina  and  the  Straits  Settlements. 
Ihis  outside  trade  is  handled  at  the  Nanking  Road  office  by  Mr 
Wpnff  Pat  Yue,  the  managing  director,  and  his  force  of  eight  clerks. 
Wholesale  prices  are  said  to  be  15  per  cent  less  than  the  published 
retail  list.  Followmg  is  the  price  list  published  bv  this  company: 
the  spellmg  of  the  ongmal  has  been  retained,  and  the  prices  are 
based  on  the  Mexican  silver  dollar,  the  value  of  which  vanes  some- 
what but  may  be  reckoned  here  as  50  cmia,  American  curmioy: 


No. 


103 

1 
S 


68 
23 
24 
22 
31 
41 
42 
47 


SHABK's  ma 

Shark's  fins  with  chicken  sauce  (best 

quality)  

8ba^  fins  idtli  Chicken  Btiice  

SteMtevftheiiiBliiinMice  

CSfCKKir. 

Chicken  (whole)  with  paste  

Curry  chicken  

Chicken  and  chestnuts  

Chicken  and  mushrooni  

Cbiokia  (hashed)  '.. 

Roisted  pheasant  (large)  

Roasted  pheasant  (small)...  

Boasted  woodcock.  


Price 
per  can, 
Mexi- 
can. 


13.70 
3.00 
3.20 


.85 

.as 

.3S 
.35 
.35 
1.00 
.90 
.60 


No, 


67 
70 
5 
4 

17 
18 
8 
7 

48 
57 
6 
9 
10 
43 
44 


Prodoots. 


BUCK. 

Duck  (whole)  with  paste  

Duck  and  omm  (whole)  

Duck  and  mushroom  (whole)  '.  . 

Duck  and  orange  peel  (whole)  

Duck  and  szechuen  cabbage  (whole) 
Duck  and  Peking  cabbage  (whole).. 

Duck  and  mushroom  (half)  

Duck  and  orange  peel  (half)  

Duck  and  siediuen  cabbage  (half). . 

Duck  and  Peking  cabbage  (half)  

Duck  and  chestnuts  , 

Duck  and  dried  bamboo  shoots.... I i 

Duck  and  bamboo  shoots  ' 

Routed  wfld  doek..  


Price 
per can. 
Mexi- 
can. 


to.  Ho 
.85 
.85 
.85 
.85 
.85 
.45 
.45 
.45 
.45 
.35 

.as 

.85 
.80 
.89 


I" 


1'' 


CAK  NED-GOODS  TEADE  IN  THE  FAB  EAST. 


28 


Pkodncls. 


POBK. 


Bacon  

Pork  and 

Pig's  feet  

Poik  (hashed)  

Roasted  pork  and  ovster  sauce.. 
Roasted  pork  and  shrimp  paste. 

Roasted  pork  

^»ioed  roasted  pork  


FISH. 


Smoke  fish  

Smoke  eel  

Shad  with  sediment  of  liquored.. 
Perch  with  sediment  of  l^iuofed. 

Ningpo  fish  

Spiced  fish  

Spiced  baked  flsh,  1-lb.  tin  

Spiced  baked  fish.  Mb.  tin  

Fried  mandarin  fisfi,  1-11).  tin — 
Fried  mandarin  fish,  ^b.  ti  i — 

Maclrorel  

Sciaena    

Salt  hffirring  

Fish  (hashed)  


Munoif. 

MttttoD  and  mushnxim . 

Stewed  mattoQ..  

Sheep's  h0ad  


Beef  witti  sanoe. 

Curry  beef  

Oxtail  soup  


PIOEON3. 


8i>ieadB%eons.. 
StewM^ceoos. 


Awabl  

Spieed  awabl. 


TtTRTLE. 


Roasted  turtle. 
Stewed  turtle.. 


BKI  Boms. 


Fried  rioeUrds.. 
l^iiQediiMbiids. 


HAM. 


Ham  (hashed)  

Ham  

Ham  (whole)  

Fried  quails  

Crab's  flesh  

Spiced  kidney  and  liver.  

Conpoy  with  dtidnn  saoee  

Mushroom  with  chicken  sauce  

Mushroom,  bamboo  shoots,  and  cab* 


Price 
per  can, 
HMeix- 


10. 2S 

.30 
.SS 
.35 
.35 
.40 
.30 


.38 
.45 
.45 
.40 
.25 
.35 
.45 
.25 
.35 
.22 
.30 
.60 
.35 
.90 


.35 
.35 


.25 
.30 
.25 


.45 
.45 


.65 
.35 


.35 
.35 


.50 
.45 


.35 
.60 
•.45 
.flO 
.35 
.30 
.40 
.35 

.35 


No. 


83 


33 

35 
32 
69 
85 


52 

51 
104 

54 
105 
102 

SS 


87 
88 

89 
90 
91 
02 


03 
94 

95 
96 
07 


108 
109 
110 
111 
112 
113 
114 
115 
116 
117 
118 


Products. 


Price 
per  can, 


HAM — continued. 
Mushrooms  , 


B4MBOO  SHOOm. 


Bamboo  shoots  (fresh)  

Bamboo  shoots  (fresh)  

Bamboo  shoots  and  shrimp  eggs. 
Spring  bamboo  shoots . 
Roasted  bamboo  shoots. 


FHUITS. 


Caramlxda 
Lychees... 
Loquats... 
Pineapples 

Myricas . . . 
Shantung 
Bitter 


nviTS. 


Preserved  neoa  plnm. . . 

Preserved  foquan  

Preserved  ktnnquats  

Preserved  rose  api^  

Preserved  ginger  

Preserved  green  melon... 
Preserves  (combination). 


DBBD  tKUITS. 


Dried  peaxdies  

Dried  apricots.... 

Dried  apples  

Dried  rose  apples . 
Dried  ptan.. . 


SATraAOB. 


Baked  fine  sausage . . . . 
Baked  pig's  sausage. . . 
Baked  umgoe  sausage . 
Baked  sheep's  sausage. 
Corned  ham  sausage... 

Smoke  ham  sausage  

Smoke  ox  sausage  

Smoke  tongue  sausage. 
Smoke  liver  sausage .. . 
Smoke  ox  fine  sausage . 


Cocoa  nut  biscuits,  IHb.  tin.. 
Cocoa  nut  biscuits,  2-lb.  tiii|.. 
Cocoa  nut  biscuits,  2Hh.  tm . 
Chocolate  biscuits,  IJ-lb.  tin . . 
Chocolate  biscuits,  2-lb.  tin. .. 
Chocolate  biscuits,  2|-lb.  tui., 
Almond  biscuits,  IHb-  tin.... 
Almond  biscuits,  2-lb.  tin...., 
Almond  biscuits,  2Hb.  tin..., 

Combimition,  1-lb.  tin  

Combination,  IJ-lb-  tin  , 

Fruits  biscuits,  1-lb.  tin  

Fruits  bi8oaite,Mb.  tin  


|0.lf 


.SS 


.IS 

,n 

.17 

.as 
.ao 
.as 

■  215 


.so 

.50 
.50 
.65 
.SS 


.90 


.7S 
1.00 

.50 
.70 
1.00 

.so 

.10 


.4S 
.80 


»  Per  pound. 


The  sale  of  the  Tai  Foong  products  in  China  need  not  necessarily 
injure  the  prospects  of  increasing  the  sales  of  American  canned  goods: 
in  fact,  it  may  result  in  broadening  the  field  for  canned  goods  of  all 
kinds.  Chinese  stores  handling  canned  goods  always  cany  the 
American  product  as  well  as  the  Chinese. 


OMSfmrn-omm  ttum  m  shb  fab  east.  'IIIIIP 

IfMi  Hie  Inception  of  tiie  caimiiig  factory  at  Amov,  China,  which 
fell  Ibeea  desmbed  in  the  report,  ^'Rneapple-Canmng  Industry  of 
the  World"  (Speml  Agent  Series  No.  91),  no  other  Cffinese  canning 
factones  approach  this  factory  in  modem  methods.  The  oneiS 
Amoy  has  ample  capital  and  has  shown  a  dedre  to  reach  a  hich 
standard  by  sending  to  America  for  a  sup«int«ident.  It  intt 
p-obably  take  an  important  place  among  the  canning  factories  of 
China  m  the  near  future.  The  remaining  Chinese  canneries,  of 
which  the  Sek  Be  Co.,  of  Swatow,  described  more  fully  in  the  canned- 
pmeapple  report,  is  a  fair  example,  are  not  of  a  character  to  inspire 
great  confidence  m  the  products  put  out  by  them.  Combined,  toey 
will  produce  a  considerable  quantity  of  canned  goods  packed  to  suit 
Chmese  tastes,  and  in  this  way  a  knowledge  of  canned  foods  in  China 
iwll  be  widely  spread. 

mrOSTANGE  OF  ESTABLISHING  AMERICAN  BRAN0S. 

It  is  necessary  for  the  American  manufacturers  of  canned  foods  to 
i^hze  the  ne^ty  of  early  establishing  their  "chops,''  or  brands,  in 
Oiiiia.  TlieCliinese  attach  great  importance  to  the  chop.  They  are 
coraerFatiTe  and  do  not  readily  deeeri  a  brand  that  has  been  tried 
and  fonnd  satisfactcny.  Fo  more  striking  example  of  this  miwillin^- 
neea  to  accept  a  new  chop  can  be  cited  than  the  ezpmence  of  a  cer- 
tam  Shanghai  hnporter.  He  had  developed  some  sale  for  camied 
saipwin  among  the  Chinese  and  had  sold  a  certain  brand  of  American 
sahnon.  This  brand  had  an  ordinary  label  depicting  a  sahnon  with 
Its  tail  turned  up,  and  when  the  new  shipment  arrived  with  the  labels 
showing  a  salmon  with  its  tail  turned  down  the  Chinese  rdPused  to 
accept,  saying  "No  belongee  same  kind  fish."  This  experience  em- 
phasize^ the  absence  of  Chinese  characters  on  American  canned  goods 
pving  mformation  as  to  the  contents.  It  was  perfectly  natural  for 
the  Chinese  to  judge  of  the  contents  of  the  can  by  the  only  feature  of 
the  label  that  was  intelligible  to  them,  i.  e.,  the  picture  of  the  sahnon, 
and  the  change  to  a  fish  that  was  not  the  same  as  that  on  the  label 
with  which  they  were  familiar  was  ample  reason,  viewed  in  this  hght, 
™  refusal  of  the  shmment.  Such  mattei-s  as  this  are  worthy  of 
caielnl  obaerration  and  stndy  by  the  American  manufacturer  of 
canned  foods.  Snch  matteis  have  not  been  neglected  by  the  repre- 
Sfsntatiyea  of  Ameciean  manufacturers  of"  other  lines  wno  have  de- 
iwqped  large  sake  for  their  goods  m 

SIK3CSSrfI0NS  Km  DEVELOPING  imABB. 

If  a  real  Oiinese  busmess  in  canned  foods  is  to  be  developed, 
American  methods  of  exploitation  seem  an  absolute  necessity.  An 
adequate  organization,  gradually  increased  to  cover  a  territory  larger 
than  the  United  States,  is  as  much  a  necessity  in  China  as  it  would  be 
in  America,  and  at  the  head  of  such  an  orojanization  should  be  a  man 
of  the  highest  cahber  and  thoroughly  familiar  with  China  and  Chinese 
life.  Results  must  not  be  expected  immediately,  but  with  a  proper 
force  in  the  field  and  an  effective  campaign  of  education,  an  immense 
business  in  canned  foods  throughout  China  can  be  built  up  in  certain 
lines.  ^  Just  what  lines  those  are  can  not  be  determined  without 
ejcperiment;  two  are  certainties — condensed  milk  and  canned  sdmon. 


OANNED-GOODS  lEADE  IN  THE  FAB  EAST. 


Peas  and  asparagus  should  find  a  ready  sale  and  experience  and  study 
will  determine  what  additional  lines  can  be  deyeloped.  The  unex- 
pected often  happens  in  trade.  The  demand  in  Java  and  the  Malay 
Peninsula  for  canned  muscat  grapes  from  California  is  an  example. 
There  is  practically  no  sale  for  such  a  product  in  the  American 
market,  and  yet  there  is  a  good  and  growing  demand  f«r  it  in  the 
countries  mentioned.   Smnjaf  opportunities  no  doubt  exist  in  CSiina. 

No  broker  or  mani^Hllilii*  oi  canned  goods  in  America  would 
think  of  bdng  witlu>ut  a  sampling  room.  Goods  to  be  sold  aro 
opened  for  tiie  inspection  of  the  purchaser.  The  Chinese  are  not 
different  in  desiring  what  they  call  a  ''look  see."  In  matters  con* 
cemiii^  the  sale  of  new^  productsi||i|ih  nuld  have  more  than  a  '^look 
Show  and  sampling  rooms  ani  a  necessary  adjimct  to  increas- 


see 


ing  sales  among  the  nauve  classes,  and  the  branches  of  such  an 
organization  as  that  suggested  could  easily  estabhsh  such  rooms. 
These  branches  could  carry  a  small  stock  of  goods  upon  which 
retailers  could  draw  without  waiting  for  shipment  of  goods  iJFom 

America. 

That  such  an  organization  for  the  extension  of  American  canned 
foods  presents  difficulties  from  the  home  end  are  evident.  The 
canned-food  business  of  America  is  divided  among  3,168  manufac- 
turers, and  many  are  of  the  opinion  that  foreign  export  does  not 
interest  them.  The  majority  of  them  are  not  prepared  or  individually 
justified  in  undertaking  foreign  export  on  a  large  scale,  because  it 
calls  for  steady  supply,  expert  knowledge,  and  constant  study.  ThefO 
are,  however,  several  large  manufacturers  of  canned  foods  in  the 
United  States  who  could  enter  this  field  along  the  lines  suggested, 
although  it  would  be  better  for  all  concerned  if  a  cooperative  plan 
could  be  devised  by  which  al  could  take  part. 


CHOSEN  (KOREA). 

Since  Korea  was  annexed  by  Japan  it  has  naturally  become  year 
by  year  more  Japanese.  The  large  number  of  Japanese  who  nave 
become  residents  of  Chosen  have  had  their  influence  upon  the  natives. 
The  Koreans  themselTes  are  not  progressive,  ana  although  the 
Japanese  have  made  wonderful  progress  in  the  prin<apal  cities  and 
alonjz  the  railway,  their  influence  has  not  been  so  pronounced  in  the 
smaSer  cities  and  the  rural  districts.  The  population  is  estimated 
at  about  14,000,000,  of  which  about  210,000  are  Japanese.  There 
are  not  more  than  1,000  Americans  and  Europeans.  Tlie  Americans 
are  missionaries  and  persons  interested  in  the  gold  mines  of  north 
Korea. 

The  statistics  of  exports  of  canned  foods  from  the  United  States 
to  Chosen  given  in  the  following  table  show  the  effect  of  the  limited 
number  of  foreigners  upon  the  sale  of  canned  foods: 


Articles. 


Fish: 

Salmon.  , 

Canned  fish  other  than  saJmon  or  shellfish. 

Oysters  

All  other  shellfish  

All  other  fish  and  fish  products  


1906 


$126 
146 


14 
8 


1909 


1286 

425 
14 
33 


71363°—!^ 


1910 


187 
24 
48 
17 


mi 


136 


29 


1912 


$223 
538 
50 


13 


mis 


11,011 
386 
114 

117 


ISt4 


IM 
64 

30 


#11 


mmmwD-mmm  tmin  nr  ths  fab  bast. 


Articles. 


SJ^^^T* 

An  other  fifoiteVpMDl  lipt*  or  drML'.I 
Canned  fruit. . . .TTT!..!?'.. . 
^  .  AU  ottMT  frulta  prepared  or  pieiarvod.' 

MODBT...  ................  

Meat: 

Canned  beef  

Canned  pork  

^  .All  otbir  canned  mmt prodneli.... . . .' 

Butter....  ,  

GheeieL  

Condeosedniflk.....  

Sirup  ""'* 

Canned  vegetables  II.., "11**"* 

AM  otlair,  iwhidfeiff  fieilit  and  noeia. . .  I ! 


1908 


til 

70 


142 
813 

543 
3,129 


59 


m 

3,816 

354 
21,377 
122 
7,646 

Ada 

WO' 


1909 


118 

3 
10 
30 
218 
358 
2,212 
48 
12 

51 


670 
2,796 

305 
4,223 
7 

1,444 
849 


1910 


184 

58 
37 
157 
330 
483 
2,049 


17 
196 


730 
788 
257 

2,436 
34 

3,773 
293 


1911 

ItIS 

ins 

t28 

t28 

193 

189 

17 

(5 

140 

93 

128 

147 

24 

64 

101 

212 

319 

277 

1,021 

1,277 

2,074 

2,404 

322 

426 

272 

468 

1,699 

5,157 

3,865 

8,187 

M 

316 

STB 

14 

S9 

85 

282 

292 

148 

55 

53 

183 

67 

912 

1,228 

1,911 

1,433 

173 

107 

102 

170 

210 

328 

471 

289 

2,680 

27,674 

63,375 

2,718 

27 

127 

77 

158 

1,366 

2,571 

3,760 

3,8t)l 

108 

309 

480 

1,388 

#1,5^7  per  cent  of  the  trade  of  the  coup  try  is  with  Japan  and 
tUm  jwoepects  for  the  sale  of  American  canred  foods  in  Chosen  are 
no  brighter  ^n  in  Japan.  Any  effort  to  increase  sales  should  be 
mad©  tta)uA  uonnections  already  established  in  Japan  for  the 
railoitation  of  canned  foods  in  that  country.  The  two  lar^e  retah 
J^anese  m^^xm^mhe&dqusiTteTs  in  Tokyo— ''Meidaya'^  and 
^TWIP^^^  in  Seoul  and  Antun^,  on  the  border 
Of  Omm,  and  It  ttChroiigh  these  that  American  canned  foods  reach 
the  consumers  m  Oiosen.  IVospects  of  sales  among  the  natives  .  o 
not  seem  so  promismg  as  among  the  natives  of  China.  The  Koreans 
mm  not  so  prosperous  and  the  Japanese  infloence  wiD  increase  year 
%  year;  consequently  the  use  of  American  canned  foods  is  not  likdy 
to  increase  iinless  some  means  is  found  to  increase  sales  to  the  natiyes 
of  Japan,  who  will  cany  with  them  the  tastes  so  acquired, 

MANCHURIA  AND  SIBESIA. 

The  sphere  of  Passian  influe-ce  in  Manchuria  along  the  Trans- 
»1  enan  Kailway  centers  at  Harl>in.  Here  the  offices  and  a  laree 
force  of  Fussians  conrected  with  the  railway  nre  locPted.   As  Har- 

""L^^^  ^^r^"^  I'^^^y  ^"^^  ^  7        Russians  to 
prt  Arthvr,  now  m  the  hands  of  the  Japarese  1  elow  Clianffchun  it 

mpjiiPtant  center.  The  exte  sion  of  the  railway  Unes 

Wow  Muleien  to  Tientem  and  Pekmg  in  China  and  also  through 

Chosen  to  Fusan,  gmng  through  oonnectlors  by  water  to  Tsuruea 

Jamn,  will  continue  to  nmke  Harbm  a  growing  city  ' 

The  entire  city  built  by  the  PusMins  is  -ew  and  sul  stontial  in 
mat  contrast  to  the  '-tive  Chi  ese  city.  The  ir  liabitanto  are  prac- 
teally  all  Kussians.  Tnere  are  about  10  Americans,  conrected  for 
the  most  part  with  the  British-American  Tobacco  C6.,  the  I  ter- 
national  Haryester  Co.,  and  ore  or  two  other  corcerus  that  reatise 
the  ^  ecessity  of  direct  represe  tation  on  the  ground. 

The  canned  foods  sold  in  Mai  churia  are  coLsumed  pri*  cipaUy  by 
the  Kussians  m  the  cities  along  the  railways  and  at  poi»  te  afonff  the 
Sungan  Eiyer.  Most  of  such  foods  are  of  Russian  and  Fre..ch  ongin 


CANNED-GOODS  TBADB  IN  THE  FAB  EAST. 


Seyeral  large  Petro^ad  (St.  Petersburg)  houses  haye  branch  stores 
in  Harbin  and  also  in  Yladiyostok,  and  orders  for  these  houses  are 
placed  through  the  main  offices  in  Petrograd.  In  some  cases  they 
sell  to  the  smaller  retail  houses  managed  by  Chinese.  Pepresenta- 
tiyes  of  Russian  uid  French  &ms  haye  introduced  their  goods  by 
meanfi  of  kaydtng  salesmen,  and  some  American  canned  goods  are 
sold  by  the  agents  in  Shanghai,  who  occasionally  make  a  trip  through 
China  and  as  far  north  as  Harbin. 

On  account  of  the  short  growing  season  and  the  long  winter,  the 
demand  for  canned  yegetables  and  fruits  is  greater  than  for  other 
lines;  milk  also  has  a  good  sale.  The  transportation  facilities  from 
America  are  not  satisfactory,  and  the  closing  of  the  ports  of  entry  by 
freezing  early  in  the  winter  calk  for  the  adyance  stocking  of  goods 
for  the  entire  winter.  One  merchant  in  Mukden  complained  bitterly  of 
the  treatment  accorded  him  by  one  American  firm  with  whom  he  nad 
placed  an  order  for  his  winter  s  supply,  because  the  firm  had  shipped 
one-third  at  the  time  ordered  and  promised  the  remaining  two-thirds 
within  one  or  two  months.  The  closing  of  the  ports  by  freezing 
weather,  howeyer,  preyented  the  deliyery  of  the  remainder  of  his 
order  at  the  time  it  was  needed.  The  trade  in  Harbin,  as  well  as 
YUidiyostok,  which  redistributes  to  Kamchatka  and  other  points  in 
Siberia,  can  not  be  handled  from  America  direct.  A  repreaentatiye 
horn  shanghai  or  some  other  point  can  best  direct  the  business  with 
this  section.  Siberia  has  a  heayy  import  duty  on  canned  articles, 
except  condoised  milk,  that  practically  preyents  importation  of 
most  canned  goods  into  this  section.  This  is  shown  by  the  following 
list  of  es^rts  from  the  United  States  to  Sibaia: 


Articles. 

1908 

1909 

1910 

^ 

1911 

1912 

1913 

lil4 

FfBh: 

165 

351 
41 

$394 

S144 

tl3 

18 

Canned  fish  other  than  salmon  or  iheUfish . 

8232 

87 

t9 

33 

32 

Fruit:  / 

7,727 

18,567 
11 

1,919 

47 
716 
44,603 
2,691 
835 

1,088 

1,656 
15 

75 

7,655 

as 

2i2 

9^518 
i7 

S4ft 

Mtet: 

641 

548 

0M 

All  other  canned  BWat  pilldliets  

86 

35,601 
862 
3 

945 
31,294 
497 
187 

2,147 
55,156 
334 
157 

47 
84,153 
430 
299 

115 
145,056 
313 
143 

109 

U5l053 
ml 

The  tariff  in  Siberia  wiU  preyent  any  great  increase  in  sales  of 
Anierican  canned  foods  in  eastern  Siberia,  alihough  the  climatic  con- 
ditions and  large  number  of  military  and  railway  officials  create  a 
fairly  good  demand,  now  supplied  by  the  canning  establishments  of 

Odessa  and  Simferopol  in  southern  Russia. 

In  Manchuria  the  trade  can  be  increased  to  some  extent  because 
the  tariff  is  Chinese,  while  the  influence  at  the  principal  cen  ers  along 
the  railway  is  Russian.  Credit  conditions,  howeyer,  call  for  a  certain 
amount  of  knowledge  that  can  be  best  gained  by  yisits  of  representa- 
tives. 


28 


mMmwrn-mom  tMim  in  the  fab  east. 


iNnomicnnoH. 

The  great  progress  made  by  Japan  as  a  world  power  and  com- 
mercial nation  has  led  Americans  to  think  of  the  Japwiese  as  havii^ 
adopted  western  customs  to  a  much  greater  degree  than  is  actuaOv 
tne  case.  The  Japanese  have  been  most  wise  in  their  attitude  toward 
western  civihzation;  they  have  sent  their  young  men  to  every  foreiim 
country  to  study  and  observe  modern  hf e  and  inventions  in  th^e 
countries;  they  have  employed  American,  English,  German,  and 
otfier  foreign  experts  to  come  to  Japan  to  erect  manufacturing  plants 
and  to  help^  tmm  them  at  home  the  most  successful  methods  of 
western  natioiis:  but  only  those  features  have  been  adopted  that 
Umd  satiafactonly  mto  Japanese  life  or  are  necessary  to  the  country 
m  Its  deTelopment  as  a  world  power. 

Tl6  dianges  are  most  noticeable  in  education,  in  the  adoption  of 
modern  western  myentions,  and  to  some  extent  in  dress,  but  there 
has  not  hem  the  change  in  the  home  life  of  the  masses  that  many 
westerners  have  been  led  to  believe. 

A  study  of  Japanese  home  life  and  hoiwekeeping  will  throw  Hc^ht 
upon  that  phase  of  the  subject  treated  in  this  r©port-4lie  adoption  of 
western  c^st^ms  m  mat^^^     food,  more  parficularly  cann^  food. 

Of  the  52,985,000  inhabitants  of  Japan  proper  only  about  5  per 
cent  may  be  classed  as  weU  to  do,  and  even  these  share  that  spuit 
of  economy  which  pervades  the  nation.  Nowhere  in  the  world  is 
there  so  much  happiness  derived  from  the  simple  Ufe.  It  will  be  well 
to  outhne  m  a  general  way  a  typical  home  of  the  Japanese  middle 
class,  so  that  it  will  be  easier  to  judge  of  the  probabilitv  of  changes 
sW  this  hne  and  of  the  prospects  of  a  market  for  Ameiican  cwned 
goods  among  the  masses  of  Japanese. 

tHB  JAPANESE  BOMS. 

A  number  of  causes  have  affected  the  siae  of  the  Japanese  house 
^ich  seems  much  too  small  for  a  comfortable  haMtati^  in  the  evil 
of  the  foreigner.  In  the  first  phice,  the  people  themselves  are  smaE 
the  average  height  of  the  Japanese  male  adult  being  5  feet  U  inches 
and  that  of  the  female  4  feet  9i  mches.  As  it  is  the  usual  custom 
to  sit  on  the  floors  upon  cushions,  with  the  legs  bent  beneath,  great 

ff'^K  .  A  r'if  ^  'f  'i''^  irable.  The  low  ceilings  may  also  be 
attributed  to  the  lack  of  any  heatmg  systems  other  than  the  small  char- 
coal brazier  known  as  the  "hibashi."  The  frequencv  of  earthquakes 
throughout  Japan  has  been  a  largely  contributing  cause,  as  well 
and  the  question  of  expense  in  a  country  where  economy  rmma 
supreme  has  also  had  a  powerful  influence. 

The  smallest  of  Japanese  houses,  in  the  closely  buHt  sections  of 
the  citoes,  are  only  9  by  12  feet,  but  of  course  these  are  for  the 
poorest  classes  only.  Nearly  aU  houses  are  built  of  wood.  InTokvo 
for  e^aple,  onlv  about  one-eighth  of  the  houses  are  built  of  other 
matenal,  and  Tokyo  is  the  capital  and  principal  citv  of  Japan 
Japan^  houses  may  therefore  be  thought  of  as  light  wooden  struc- 
tures of  one  or  at  most  two  stories.  The  houses  of  the  better  classes 
me  always  stirfoiinded  by  a  small  inclosure,  with  a  garden  and  a 


OAHriTED-OOOPS  TRADE  Df  THE  JTAB  BAST. 


29 


porch.  Sliding  lattice  screens,  which  extend  from  1^  floor  to  the 
ceihng  and  are  covered  with  thin  translucent  paper,  serve  as  both 
doors  and  windows.  At  night  and  daring  storms  a  series  of  solid 
screen  doors,  on  the  outside  edge  of  the  porches,  are  drawn  out  of  a 
sort  of  doset  to  inclose  the  paper  screens  and  to  protect  the  house « 
and  its  occupants  from  Intrusion  or  from  the  weather. 

If  the  extmor  of  the  house  appears  modest  to  the  western  eye, 
the  interior  gives  the  impression  of  extreme  simplicity.  The  paper- 
covered  screen  sliding  doors  are  used  not  only  to  form  the  outside 
walls,  but  also  the  partitions  between  the  rooms.  The  floor  is  covered 
with  thick  matting  laid  in  sauares  or  mats.  These  mats  are  always 
of  one  size — 6  by  3  feet — ana  the  area  of  a  room  is  spoken  of  not  by 
feet  and  inches  but  by  the  number  of  mats.  Rooms  are  usually 
four,  six,  or  eight  mats — that  is,  about  3  or  4  yards  square.  The 
mats  are  really  mattresses,  about  an  inch  and  a  half  thick,  covered 
with  matting  and  bound  around  the  edges  with  coarse  hempen 
cloth.  There  is  absolutely  no  furniture  in  the  room  except  a  few 
flat  cushions  upon  which  to  sit  in  the  eastern  fashion.  In  an  alcove 
is  hung  the  only  decoration  in  the  room,  a  painted  scroUy  or  "kake- 
monOi  with  some  handsome  ornament  of  porcelam  containing 
flowers  or  a  bronse  on  a  low  stand  placed  in  front  of  it. 

liiree^mm  houses  are  common  among  the  artisan  elass,  and  a 
five-room  house  may  be  %ekm  as  the  fflnaUest  in  which  a  man  of  the 
middle  class  would  live.  The  average  size  of  the  houses  occupied  by 
this  class  is  seven  to  eight  rooms,  andto  a  certain  extent  the  size  of  the 
house  fixes  the  class  to  which  the  occupants  belong.  As  the  rooms 
do  not  ddffer  greatly,  they  can  be  used  mdiscriminatelv  for  different 
purposes.  The  only  exception  to  this  rule  is  the  Idtchen.  The 
differences  between  Japanese  and  American  kitchens  is  so  great  that 
a  comparison  is  difficult.  The  heart  of  the  kitchen,  the  kitchen 
stove,  IS  httle  more  than  a  hearth.  Charcoal  is  the  fuel  generally 
used,  and  a  wooden  frame  built  over  the  hearth  and  covered  with 
plaster,  with  one  or  more  holes  in  the  top,  in  which  are  placed  the 
rice  pot,  soup  pot,  or  pot  for  heating  water,  constitutes  the  main 
stove.  A  skylight  in  the  roof  allows  the  escape  of  smoke  or  gas. 
In  some  of  the  better-class  houses  the  stove  is  more  substantial, 
having  a  chimney  and  other  features  less  calculated  to  spread  fire. 
The  main  rice  stove  is  generally  supplemented  by  a  smaller  hearth 
built  of  plaster,  stone,  or  sometimes  of  iron,  holding  a  pot  for  other 
purposes  than  cooking  rice  or  heating  wator.  The  smaU  pieces  of 
chaicoai  used  as  fuel  rest  on  an  iron  grate  immediately  below  the 
bottom  of  the  pot  and  are  handled  bv  long  iron  rods  called  ''fire 
chopsticks."  The  beUows  consist  of  a  hollow  bamboo  tube,  throu|^ 
which  the  charcoal  is  blown  to  cause  it  to  glow.  The  pot  can  tie 
replaced  by  a  frying  pan  with  a  large  handle  or  even  bjr  a  grate  upon 
which  broiling  may  be  accomplished.  The  inconvenience  of  such 
cooking  suggests  the  possibihty  of  selling  fireless  cookers  among  the 
Japanese.  The  kitchen  implements  are  crude.  Large  wooden 
spatulas  or  spoons,  a  few  knives,  wooden  bowls,  and  mortars  and 
pestles  for  pounding  soft  objects  may  be  hsted  as  the  most  important 
accessories,  and  there  is  a  dresser  containing  most  of  the  china  used 
for  serving.  The  sink  for  washing  is  usually  made  of  wood,  with 
bamboo  pipes  for  drainage,  and  next  to  the  sink  are  placed  large 
porcelain  jars  tiiat  contain  the  water  needed  for  washing.   In  prac- 


04]fini>-G00B6  TBABE  IN  THE  FAE  EAST 


tealy  mmv  ktcliai  will  be  found  a  smaU  shrine  to  the  rice  eod 
Wore  wMch  are  placed  daily  oflFerings  of  rice  and  flowers  ' 
No  special  rooms  m  set  aside  as  dining  rooms  or  bedrooms.  All 
meals  aro  served  on  Mt^e  individual  trayl  with  legs  about  6  inch^ 

K^r  f  !t  ^I?"*^*  "^**>  whichever  room  may 

be  occupied  at  the  time  and  placed  in  front  of  each  person  seated  on 
me  floor.  Likewise,  to  prepare  a  bedroom  a  matlms  and  bed  cover- 
mg  are  taken  from  the  closete  where  they  are  kept  during  the  dav 
Trt^f^^  r  ^""^  '^'^P?^?  purposes  on  the  floor  of  liny  room  desirod^ 
l^rom  the  Japaiiese  pomt  of  view,  an  American  house,  on  account  of 
me  excess  of  furmture  and  ornaments,  partakes  too  much  of  the 
nature  of  a  museum  or  curiosity  shop. 

JAPANESE  FOOD  AND  MEALS. 


•  l^^t^L^^?**^^  ^  Japanese,  and  it  holds  as  important 
^J^^  m^  does  in  western  countries.    No  other 

foodstuff  stairfa^ao  high  m  popular  esteem,  and  the  fact  that  the 
me  md  has  stones  all  over  Japan  indicates  the  importance  of  rice 

!!in;f  V,  ^^^^^^f^^t^f*^*^^  Barley, 
mUet  wheat,  and  buckwheat  are  raised  in  Japan  and  flour  m^e 

from  these  grains  is  used  in  making  cakes  andT  as  an  ingredient  in 

many  dishes.  ^ 

Soy,  a  sauce  made  from  soya  beans,  has  an  important  place  in 
Japanese  meals.  This  sauce  is  exported  to  Englantfin  lar^e  quanti- 
ti^  and  is  used  there  as  the  basis  for  the  well-known  Worisester- 
shire  sauce.  Soy  sauce,  which  is  somewhat  similar  to  the  Worcester- 
shire sauce,  IS  an  invariable  side  dish  at  every  meal  and  neariy  everv 
article  eat^  is  first  dipped  into  the  smaU  bowl  of  a|i||ja|^  on  every 

pother  article  of  food  univereaUy  popular  is  the  Japanese  pickle, 
made  pnJMipaUv  of  garden  vegetables,  especially  the  large  Japanese 
radteh.  Cucumbers,  plants,  smafl  turnips,  and  greens  of  various 
sorts  go  to  make  up  this  apparently  vital  accessory  of  Japanese  meals. 
U 18  made  hy  pickKng  the  various  articles  in  salt  with  a  paste  of  dow- 
<i»ed  nee  brim  and  aetiie  vinegar,  and  to  foragnera  the  taste  and 
smell  are  ahke  objectionable.  A  large  and  growing  industry  in 
canning  this  pickle,  known  as  *'konomono''  or  sonStameB  ''fuku- 
gnzuke  has  devjBloped  at  a  number  of  the  Japanese  canning 
estabhshments  The  average  price  per  banel  fwScUed  radisi 
IS  about  3  yen  ($1.50  gold).       "       ^  i' 

**Miso"  soup  forms  an  important  dish  at  breakfast.  This  consists 
of  stnps  of  radishes  seaweed,  eggplant,  or  other  vegetables  cooked 
with  bean  curd  and  water.    The  cooking  is  not  continued  for  a 

i^'I  SfT*?  ^^.t.^'^i®'^  vegetables  are  used  that  the  soup  partakes 
On£  ahghtlv  of  the  flavor  of  the  ingredients.  ^  iwurwytoB 

i.J^l^«i?f "Tk  ^"^^^^^  T^^is^s  rice,  miso  soup,  pickles, 
and  occasionairy  fish.  Tea  is  always  served  with  mea^  and  is 
drank  clear  without  sugar  or  cream.  The  Japanese  pride  them- 
selves upon  theirquicknees  at  meals,  there  beii^  a  Japanese  proverb 
that  quickness  at  meals  as  an  accomphshment  equal  to  fleet- 

ness  Oi  root* 

The  midday  meal  consisja  of  a  vegetable  or  ish  soup,  some  boiled 
Vifetftblai,  ind  genen%  iah,  eiiheiFcMed  or  cured,  8i!eh  as  herri^. 


CANNED-000D6  TEADE  IK  TBM  FAB  BABT. 


81 


sardines,  or  mackerel.  However,  where  fish  can  be  obtained  beak 
and  there  are  not  many  points  in  Japan  where  this  is  not  the  case,  it 
is  served  raw  in  sUces,  which  are  dipped  into  the  soy  sauce  beforo 
being  eaten  and  are  greatly  relished  oy  the  Japanese.  Rice,  pickles, 
and  tea,  of  course,  are  served  at  this  meal,  as  they  are  at  aU  meals, 
ihe  evening  meal  does  not  differ  greaUy  from  the  midday  meal 
except  in  the  variety  of  fish  or  vegetables.  . 

From  the  foregoing  it  can  be  seen  that  nee,  fish,  and  vegetables 
are  the  principal  staples.  Religious  tenets  do  not  preclude  the  use 
of  meat,  as  in  some  eastern  countries;  consequently,  m  some  of  the 
lawyer  towns,  considerable  quantities  of  beef  and  pork  and  domestic 
and  other  fowls  are  also  consumed,  but  as  yet  they  do  not  enter  into 
the  daily  diet  of  the  masses  of  Japanese.  Of  vegetables  there  are 
potatoes,  carrots,  turnips,  yams  or  sweet  potatoes,  onions,  eggplants, 
cucumbers,  beans  of  several  varieties,  peas,  spinach,  and  lettuce; 
other  plants  used  as  vegetables  are  burdock,  bamboo  shoots,  the  bulbs 
of  tiger  UHes,  the  rhizome  of  the  lotus,  water  shield,  snake  gourd, 
and  water  pepper.  Mushrooms  and  other  edible  fun^  are  gr^^atly 
Uked  and  are  canned  in  a  number  of  the  Japanese  factories.  Smt 
weeds  are  also  in  great  demand  and  when  dried  are  eaten  Idee  wafers 
or  dipped  in  soy  sauce.  Cherry  flowers,  salted  and  brewed  into  a 
decoction,  are  a  delicacy,  and  chrysanthemum  flowers  of  the  lail^e 
yellow  variety  are  fried  and  boiled  m  brine  and  pressed. 

SEA  lOOP. 

Fish  teem  along  the  coasts  of  Japan  and  many  of  the  edible  varie- 
ties are  unfamiliar  to  Americans.  There  are  said  to  be  600  varieties 
of  fish  in  the  waters  surrounding  the  islands,  but  the  most  common 
and  the  greatest  favorite  seems  to  be  the  '*tai"  {Pagrua  eardinoHa). 
This  fish  is  served  in  many  different  ways.  There  is  said  to  be  m 
old  Japanese  book  that  bears  the  title  "Tlie  Hundred  Excellent 
Methods  of  Dressmg  the  Tai,"  showmg  that  cook  books  were  not 
unknown  to  the  eany  Japanese.  The  tai  is  eonudered  the  best  of 
Japanese  fish  to  serve  raw,  and  many  Europeans  and  Ammeans 
who  have  had  occasion  to  come  in  close  toucn  with  Japanese  home 
life  assert  that  the  taste  for  raw  tai  is  not  by  any  means  a  difficult 
one  to  acquire.  Otiier  fislies  caught  and  eaten  are  the  plaice,  ^t- 
head,  tunny,  bonito,  carp,  mackerel,  pike,  trout,  flying  fish,  wMte- 
bait,  sand-fish,  gobv,  sting-ray,  swordfish,  sardine,  salmon,  herring, 
sole,  hairtail,  goosefish,  cod,  halfbeak,  yellow  tail,  gray  mullet,  shark 
and  sea  eel,  and  many  others.  Whale  meat  is  sold  in  the  market  at 
Nagasaki  and  at  other  points,  and  is  greatly  reUshed  cooked  as  well 
as  raw.  Some  cuts  do  not  seem  unUke  beef,  while  the  choicer  cuts 
are  colorless  and  opaque,  more  or  less  Uke  codfish. 

Shellfish  and  crustaceans  are  plentiful,  and  many  large  clams  and 
mussels  that  are  not  eaten  in  America  are  eagerly  sought  in  J^an. 
Among  these  none  is  more  popular  than  the  abalone,  or  awabi,  a 
large  Siellfish  that  seems  tough  and  lacking  in  flavor  to  the  western 
taste.  A  large  quantity  of  these  are  dried  and  most  of  the  camdng 
factories  in  Japan  pack  them.  They  are  sent  to  Japanese  in  other 
countries,  as  well  as  in  considerable  bulk  to  Qdna.  Among  other 
nhAlKm^  found  are  the  oyster,  clam,  sea  muasd,  raaor  shell,  cockle, 
swan  mussel,  otter  shiA,  and  rapana.  Hiese  are  generally  boiled  and 


8S  €ykxoiii>-GooDS  TRAsm  nr  the  fab  east. 

sometimeB  are  served  in  a  bowl  of  aMghUy  flavored  water  called  soup 
by  lae  Japanese. 

Ameicans  are  coming  to  know  the  canned  crab  meat  isaporuM 
mm  Jftpan  and  also  tbe  shrimp  and  prawns,  which  bid  fair  to  rivid 
the  crab  meat  in  popularity.  An  account  or  the  catching  and  can- 
ning of  these  crustaceans  will  be  found  in  the  section  6t  this  report 
dealing  with  canning  houses.  YHiile  there  are  quantities  of  cnibs  of 
different  varieties,  the  two  important  kinds  are  found  only  in  certain 
localities  in  Japan,  and  these  are  remarkable  for  their  immense  aze. 
Some  of  the  crabs  of  Hokkaido  and  the  Kunijiri  Islands  measure  as 
much  as  6  feet  from  tip  of  claw  to  tip  of  claw.  Of  these  huge  crabs 
the  meat  of  the  claws  alone  is  eaten;  the  remainder  is  used  as  ferti- 
hzer  when  dried.  The  shrimp,  especially  the  very  small  varieties, 
are  dried  and  form  a  sort  of  relish  or  side  dish  much  in  favor.  The 
krger  prawns,  called  ''ebi,"  are  roasted  or  fried  and  dipped  in  soy. 
Tm  lobster,  which  is  in  reahty  a  large  crawfish,  is  very  abundant 
on  the  western  coast  and  in  Chosen.  The  cuttlefish  and  octopus 
are  VOTV  common  articles  of  food,  and  when  fried  are  not  unlike  the 
softrshell  crabs  of  the  eastern  coast  of  America  in  taste.  They  are 
more  often  boiled,  however,  and  served  in  a  bowl  of  slightly  flavored 
water.  The  cuttlefish  is  dried  in  large  quantities  and  canned  to  a 
certain  extent  f c»r  the  use  of  Japanese  in  foreign  lands. 

WOWh  Ann  6A]fB. 

The  fowl  and  game  used  comprise  aU  of  the  domestic  fowl  known 
in  America.  Eggs  are  freely  used,  mostly  in  the  form  of  a  tough 
iVSieiette.  Such  game  as  the  crane,  swan,  heron,  wild  goose,  ducfe, 
peasant,  quail,  pigeon,  woodcock,  snipe,  lark,  water  rail,  and  even 
the  sparrow  are  occasionaUy  eaten,  although  the  old  Buddhist  objec- 
tion to  taking  a  life  still  persists  in  some  sections  of  the  country. 

Except  for  the  smaller  birds,  which  are  eaten  in  the  fingers,  the 
absence  of  knives  and  forks  at  Japanese  meals  makes  it  necessary 
to  prepare  the  meat  before  serving  so  that  it  can  be  eaten  with  the 
chopsticks.  Consequently,  such  food  is  usually  cut  m  small  sHces 
and  served  in  the  thm  watery  4W||bo  favored  in  the  Japanese  cuisine. 
This  feature  should  be  of  interest  to  those  {banning  to  export  canned 
.goods  to  Japftn.' 

U8S  OF  CHOPSTICKS. 

The  use  of  chopsticks  is  general,  except  among  the  most  well-to-do 
classes,  who  have  adopted  European  knives  and  forks  and  to  some 
extent  European  cuisine.  SmaU  bowls  of  china  or  lacquered  wood 
are  the  usual  table  equipment.  After  the  various  solid  portions  of 
the  food  have  been  lifted  to  the  mouth  with  chopsticks  the  liquid 
remaining  is  sipped  from  the  bowl.  In  the  case  of  rice,  which  would 
be  tedious  to  pick  up  grain  by  grain,  the  bowl  is  often  raised  to  the 
mouth  and  the  rice  shoveled  or  pushed  in  with  the  chopsticks.  It 
is  also  customary  to  pour  a  httle  tea  into  the  rice  bowl  after  it  has 
been  nearly  emptied,  and  in  this  way  the  few  remaining  grains  of 
lice  are  washed  down  as  the  tea  is  drunk.  It  is  evident,  therefore, 
ihat  prepared  foods  that  can  be  broken  and  eaten  with  chopsticks 
are  more  desirable  than  those  requiring  a  knife  and  fork. 


OAZTHED-QOODB 


FAB  BAST. 


88 


At  public  places  the  chopstidm  at  each  meal  must  be  new;  ifaii 
is  indicated  by  the  fact  that  the  chopstidEB  axe  made  from  me  piece 
of  wood  and  axe  left  joined  togethw,  as  were  matches  at  one  lime 
in  the  United  States.  These  new  chopsticks  are  incased  in  a  thin 

paper  envelope,  sealed  at  the  end,  and  bearing  Japanese  characters 
advertising  eiwer  the  hotel  or  some  firm  that  has  furnished  them 
free  to  the  propxietor  for  the  sake  of  the  pubHcity  thus  gained. 
Toothpicks,  which  are  freely  used  by  all  Japanese  at  meals,  are  also 
inclosed  in  envelopes  that  frequently  bear  advertising  matter.  A 
Japanese  mineral  water  called  "Tansan"  is  frequently  advertised 
in  this  manner.  Match  boxes  bearing  the  advertisement  of  a  Euro- 
pean brand  of  condensed  milk  are  also  found. 

The  foregoing  general  outiine  of  the  usual  Japanese  meals  makes 
no  pretence  of  describing  the  dozens  of  preparations  of  beans,  vege- 
tables, and  fish  commonly  consumed,  but  is  given  merely  for  the  pur- 
pose of  conveying  to  those  not  famiUar  with  Japanese  fife  an  idea  of 
the  great  difference  between  meals  as  served  in  Japan  and  those  to 
which  Americans  are  accustomed. 

FBOIIKI  Am  SWBET8. 

Fruits  and  sweets  are  much  liked  bv  the  Japanese,  but  axe  iiaiii% 
eaten  between  meab,  although  with  tne  advent  of  oumed  frotts  their 
use  at  nmls  is  increadng. 

The  apple  is  grown  in  the  northern  island  of  Hokkaido  and  is  sent 
all  oyer  Japan,  out  is  consumed  principally  in  the  cities.  Its  use  is 
growing  and  there  should  be  a  laxger  field  for  the  Ainerican  apple, 
which  surpasses  the  Japanese  in  color,  size,  and  quaUty.  Onmges 
are  brought  from  the  southern  islands  of  the  Japanese  group,  and 
the  mandarin  seems  to  have  the  greatest  popularity.  Great  quanti- 
ties of  these  are  sold  in  small  baskets  or  bags  along  the  railways,  and 
it  is  rare  to  see  a  Japanese  starting  on  a  journey,  or  in  a  tea  garden, 
or  even  at  the  theater,  without  a  few  oranges  or  some  other  refresh- 
ment to  be  eaten  between  meals.  The  shaddock  is  also  very  common. 
The  cumquat  is  found  generally  in  season  and  is  beingcanned  most 
satisfactorily  in  southern  Japanese  canning  houses.  TThe  loquat,  a 
fruit  introduced  from  China,  is  not  so  much  of  a  favorite  as  m  that 
country,  but  is  found  in  many  places.  Its  large  pits  leave  but  Httle 
flesh  to  be  eaten  and  the  pomegranate  is  open  to  the  same  objection 
on  account  of  the  quantity  olm^  seeds.  The  inneannle  is  growing 
in  Umr,  and  is  imported  fr|||Phiwan  (Foimosa).  A  eansiderahli 
portion  of  the  fruit  raised  there  is  canned  and  exported  to  Ji^an  lB 
that  form.  (For  further  details  see  'Tineapple-<3uining  Industij  ^ 
the  World,''  Spedal  Agents  Series  No.  91.)i  The  canned  pineapple 
m  found  in  nearly  every  shop  in  the  larger  cities  of  Japan>  ana  al 
many  of  tiie  nulway  stations,  but  the  product  isprindnaUy  Foimosan, 
as  only  a  few  of  the  largest  ^ceries  in  the  prmdpaf  dties,  catering 
to  the  trade  of 'the  foreigners  m  Japan,  carry  the  Hawaiian  pineapple. 
Bananas  also  come  from  the  tropical  sections  of  Japan  and  are  favored. 
In  Taiwan  this  fruit  is  dried  and  packed  in  cans  (see  p.  35).  Figs  are 
eaten  in  the  fresh  state  and  are  sometimes  dried,  but  do  not  form 
unportant  an  item  as  in  other  sections  of  the  Eask 


mmmwihmom  xbabs  or  nHHpiAffr. 


The  peach  of  Japan  differs  considerably  from  that  of  America.  It 
m  pointed  at  the  top,  and  is  lacking  in  flavor,  although  often  attractive 
in  color.  It  is  largely  raised  and  canned  in  the  western  part  of  the 
main  island  of  Japan,  near  the  town  of  Nagano,  where  considerable 
fruit  of  other  sorts  is  also  canned,  such  as  plums,  strawberries,  and 
cherries.  These  fruits  do  not  compare  favorably  in  quality  with  the 
American  product.  The  edible  cherries  have  only  lately  been  intro* 
duced,  for  although  cherry  trees  are  grown  all  over  Japan,  they  are 
cultivated  for  the  blossoms,  the  fruit  rarely  maturing.  The  same 
is  the  case  with  the  Japanese  plum,  the  flowers  of  which  are  hi<'hly 
prized.  The  plums  are  hard  and  inferior,  and  are  often  pickleJ  in 
Yin^ar  or  preserved  in  perilla  leaves.  The  average  price  per  barrel 
formckled  plums  is  about  $3.25  United  States  currency. 

Native  pears  are  not  the  equal  of  the  best  American  varieties,  and 
liiey  are  not  canned  to  any  extent,  although  this  might  really  improve 
Hie  flavor.  Foreign  peais  have  oeen  introduced  and  in  1911  there 
were  321,977  trees  of  tliis  character.  In  addition,  there  wm  7,130,762 
ixem  of  the  native  varieties.  Probably  the  best  and  one  of  the  best 
Mked  of  ^mmmm  fruits  is  the  persimmon,  which  is  not  only  reliriied 
In  a  fredi  state  but  is  pitted  and  dried.  The  fruit  is,  of  courae,  much 
laiger  than  the  wild  American  variety,  and  often  attams  the  size  of  a 
peach  or  a  smaU  apple.  Among  all  classes  of  Japanese  the  drbd 
persinmion,  with  sometimes  a  little  sugar  added,  is  prized  as  a  sweet- 
meat. Small  bamboo  sticks,  or  skewers,  thrust  through  a  dozen  or 
two  dried  persimmons  are  sold  evervwhere  to  children  and  others  for 
a  few  sen  (sen  equals  half  a  cent).  According  to  Government  reports, 
there  were  9,566,102  persinmion  trees  in  bearing  in  1911. 

file  laige  Japanese  chestnut  is  likewise  much  eaten  in  Japan. 
Hour  is  made  from  the  pounded  nuts  and  used  in  making  cakes  and 
confections.   The  nuts  are  also  candied  by  boiling  in  sugar. 

As^froits  and  sweetmeats  are  usually  eaten  between  meals,  the 
occasion  fw  the  continued  munching  of  these  dainties  must  be  un- 
demtood.  An  explanation  of  the  custom  of  tea  drinking  in  oriental 
counties,  which  custom  assumes  such  vital  importance  in  the  daily 
Me  irf  the  Japanese,  will  demonstrate  howfiequently  there  is  an  excuse 
for  offering  some  sBj^ht  refreshment  with  the  tea.  Hie  (mental 
earlj  learned  that  drmking  water  ahoold  be  boiled  as  a  safeguard 
||inist  the  attacks  of  such  diseaaea  as  t^frphoid  and  cholera.  No 
imdefstanding  of  the  germ  theory  was  necessary  to  lead  him  to  tids 
conclusion,  and  it  is  almost  impossible  to  determme  when  the  drinking 
of  boiled  water  originated.  Tea  drinking  was  introduced  into  JapS 
about  the  eighth  century,  and  its  use  by  all  classes  dates  from  the 
sixteenth  century,  according  to  some  authorities.  Tea  as  taken  in 
Japan  is  merely  boiled  water  slightly  colored  with  tea  leaves  and  leallv 
is  only  a  pleasant  form  in  which  to  take  the  water. 

PoBteness,  which  plays  so  important  a  part  in  all  phases  of  Japa- 
nese ofe,  requires  that  no  caller,  whether  at  business  house  or  home, 
^bi^l  carry  conversation  beyond  the  first  greetings  until  tea  has  been 
iNrared  and  drunk.  At  social  calls,  cakes,  fruit,  or  dainties  of  some 
MMTt  are  alwavs  offered  with  the  tea,  and  if  the  guest  does  not  partake 
il  m  azpected  that  the  solid  refreshments  will  be  taken  along  to  be 
eaten  ai  home.  They  are  usually  wrapped  in  paper  and  handed  the 
f*?^  •Lt®  «P»»tM>ii  of  the  call  IWa  custom  of  taking  some 
iamty  wiMi  Hie  tea  »  earned  out     Inm  and  tea  houses  along  the 


OANNED-GOODS  IBADE  IN  THE  FAB  BASt. 


35 


roadside  and  among  all  classes;  even  the  jinrikisha  cooUes  frequently 
stop  to  drink  tea  at  the  Uttle  inns  and  usually  eat  some  trifle  at  the 
same  time.  It  can  be  inferred  that  the  food  eaten  between  meab 
forms  an  important  item  of  the  total  consumption.  Sales  of  American 
crackeis  and  small  cakes  might  be  effected  if  they  could  be  intro- 
duced generally  and  could  be  made  to  appeal  to  the  Japanese  taste. 
That  it  is  possible  to  appeal  to  the  taste  of  the  Japanese  witii  foreign 
cakes  is  shown  by  the  popularity  of  spcmge  cake.  There  is  no  sweet- 
meat more  popular  or  more  generally  used  than  this  foreign  cake, 
whidi  was  introduced  more  than  three  centuries  ago  by  the  Spaniards. 

OAHinsn  BANANAS. 
(Oontnl  A.  A.  WflUamfoo,  Tilmii  (lonnon).} 

The  canned  Taiwan  bananas  are  put  up  in  flat  tins  measuring 
about  9i  inches  by  7  inches  by  1  inch,  and  are  dried,  or  desiccated. 
The  cans  are  imported  from  Japan  and  have  a  In'ass  finish,  with  a 
picture  on  the  cover  representing  a  bunch  of  green  bananas  on  the 
tree  against  a  deep-red  bac^round.  The  cover  beus  the  name  in 
Japanese  diaracters  and  in  English  (incorrect  but  sufficient). 

This  canning  of  bananas  is  a  new  industry  hen  and,  altiiou^  it  is 
starting  in  a  small  way,  it  promises  to  grow  into  something  bi^  later 
on.  At  present  the  factory  employs  some  24  hands,  20  of  which  are 
girls  employed  in  preparing  the  bananas,  and  4  are  men  employed 
m  sealing  tins.  The  drying  process  aims  at  preserving  the  natural 
flavor  of  the  fresh  fruit  and  is  fairly  successful  m  doing  so;  but  it  was 
found  impracticable  to  boil  or  heat  the  product  in  the  tin  to  create  a 
vacuum,  and  the  head  of  the  factory  states  that  he  found  it  necessary 
to  invent  a  new  machine  to  create  the  vacuum  without  heat.  The 
fresh  fruit  is,  however,  dried  by  heat.  The  prepared  product  re- 
sembles the  fresh  banana  in  shape,  but  is  dark  brown  in  color  and 
considerably  smaller  in  size.  The  manager  states  that  it  takes  10 
pounds  of  fresh  bananas  to  make  1  pound  of  the  prepared  product. 
The  tins  are  sealed  by  hand  and  are  opened  by  a  key  that  unwinds  a 
wire  passed  around  the  tin  under  the  soldering.  This  oblong  shape 
was  adopted  in  deference  to  Japanese  custom,  which  decrees  that 
presents  to  Mends,  etc.,  shall  be  wrapped  in  thick  \ddtepaper  and 
tied  wi^  a  special  sort  of  string  called  ''mizu-hiM.  '^  Tne  preset 
selling  price^  retaO,  is  1  yen  ($0,498)  per  tin. 

The  man  m  charge  of  tne  factory  states  that  from  500  to  700  tins  are 
sold  dtaty  for  local  consumption,  and  that  he  ha8.3!eoeived  numerous 
offers  from  firms  that  desire  to  export  the  goods  as  agents. 

If  this  business  proves  as  successful  as  is  at  present  indicated,  the 
factory  will  have  to  be  enlarged  within  a  short  time,  wben  new  equ^ 
ment  will  be  required.  If  American  manufacturers  make  any  sort 
of  machinery  that  might  be  used  in  this  process,  it  might  be  well  to 
send  out  word  and  have  catalogues,  etc.,  sent  to  this  consulate,  which 
will  be  glad  to  see  that  they  reach  the  proper  persons. 

The  following  is  a  translation  of  an  article  in  the  Taiwan  Nichi 
Nichi  Shimpo  of  December  20,  1913: 

The  Taiwan  Buss  an  Kabushiki  Kaiaha  (tire  Fonnosan  Producta  Co.)  of  Ka-Keifushu- 
pd,  Taihoku  city,  has  recently  opened  the  sale  of  canned  bananas.  The  product  has 
been  fKVorably  received  in  Japan,  and  the  company  is  retting  order  after  order.  At 
Msent  dozens  of  woricers  are  ^gaged  day  and  ni^it,  and  the  capacity  of  the  cumefy 
il mm» l&fiOO  tiM a imailli.  Tb^BmffamOo.  ^mmm)^ el YMmm, hm i«plM 


86 


to  tlie  company  for  the  sole  agency,  offering  to  export  the  tinned  bananas  to  foreign 
coiintriM,  uid  tekiiig  100,000  tins  per  mmfk.  The  demand  has  grown  so  large  that 
^e  company  can  not  fill  so  many  orders  in  its  present  condition. 

The  process  of  preparing  canned  bananas  has  been  invented  by  Mr.  Shibakawa,  m 
director  of  the  company,  and  the  bananas  in  cans  retain  their  fine  natural  flavor. 

mmmmsm  im  to  canning  indosttbt. 

Tke  Japanese  Go^iemmeiit,  which  has  done  so  much  to  foster  and 
eii€Ounige  the  introduction  of  modem  methods  in  every  Une  of 
industry,  has  not  n^lected  the  encouragement  of  canning  among  the 
Japanese.  Although  probably  no  other  country  in  the  world  has 
estabhshed  schools  of  canning,  Japan  has  a  number  of  such  schools 
located  in  different  sections  of  the  country. 

These  schools  were  started  primarily  as  fishery  institutes,  because 
of  the  importance  of  that  industry.  The  canning  and  curing  of  fish 
is  really  the  basis  for  that  study,  yet  the  students  are  also  taught  the 
methods  of  canning  other  products;  there  are  36  different  kmds  of 
food  on  the  hst  of  the  Kyoto  Ken  Institute.  The  course  at  this 
inslitute  iBcludes  can-makmg  methods  and  inspection  of  provisions 
and  endeavors  to  igipttrt  a  Uioroui^  knowledge  of  all  matters  con- 
nected with  the  camnng  industry.  Eadi  instiiate  k  divided  into 
two  branehes — a  training  school  and  an  experimental  station — 
somewhat  along  the  Mnes  of  American  Slate  agricaltuml  colleges. 
Lectureis  are  sent  ont  to  different  near-by  points  and  occasionally 
exhibitions  am  arranged  by  the  ahimni  under  tlis  snpemsion  of  the 
scbool. 

•The  Kyoto  Fisheries  Institute,  one  of  the  six  oiganized  by  the 
various  local  governments  and  assisted  by  the  central  Government, 
is  located  at  Miyazu  in  Tango  County,  m  the  Province  of  Kyoto. 
Its  location  at  a  point  where  the  warm  and  cold  currents  of  the  Japan 
Sea  meet  affords  the  opportimity  of  studying  those  varieties  of  fish 
belonging  to  both  currents.  Tlus  institute  was  established  in  1899 
\xj  the  governor  of  Kyoto  Province  and  did  not  grow  rapidly  until 
the  Russo-Japanese  War,  when  it  received  orders  to  help  supply  the 
Japanese  Navy  with  canned  fish.  From  the  start  thus  made,  in 
spite  of  a  fire  that  destroyed  the  buildings  in  1907,  the  institute  has 
grown  and  while  yet  small  is  doing  exc^ent  work.  Since  its  inau- 
guration 415  students  have  taken  Uie  courses  off^^.  The  following 
iiiowB  idiat  a  large  proportion  of  the  students  have  been  interested 
k  the  canning  features  of  the  course:  Fidiing  and  canning  course 
combined,  60;  fishing  course,  87;  canning  course,  266;  pisciculture^ 
2;  total,  415. 

It  is  an  interestmg  fact  that  about  50  per  cent  of  the  cost  of  upkeep 
is  covered  by  sales  of  articles  canned  by  the  students.  Qf  tlie  tofw 
cans  of  different  products  packed  annually,  30,000  cans  are  jmi>- 
chased  by  the  army  and  navy,  and  the  remainder  is  sold  on  the  open 
market.  Free  tuition  is  given,  but  students  are  obliged  to  pay  their 
board,  which  amounts  to  $2.75  per  month,  and  extras  amount  to 
about  75  cents  per  month.  The  age  of  students  is  from  16  to  22 
years.   The  course  is  of  one  year's  duration. 

The  canning  shop  of  the  mstitute  is  equipped  with  modem  can- 
makmg  machmery  and  other  apparatus  used  in  the  operations  of 
canning.  The  museum  attached  to  the  institute  not  only  has  a  good 
coEection  of  specimeiii  of  aquatic  products  but  also  sample  cans  of 


CAKKED-OOOnS  XBABB  TR  THE  FAB  BAST.  fT 

canned  goods  from  America  and  Europe,  as  models  for  demonstrating 
methods  of  canning  in  other  countries.  The  institutes  endeavor  not 
to  lose  touch  with  the  graduates  and  cooperate  in  assisting  and  adr 
vising  them  in  getting  a  start  in  the  canning  business. 

The  regulations  promulgated  on  April  1,  1901,  in  regard  to  the 
control  of  articles  of  food,  containers  for  such  food,  and  the  methods 
of  ma.nuf aoture  are  very  broad  in  respect  to  the  powers  given  the 
authorities. 

QOVBBNMBNT  BaOULATEONB. 

Article  1  of  these  regulations  prohibits  the  manufacture,  sale, 
gift,  use,  or  possession  of  such  foods  or  utensils  used  in  the  preparation 
or  canning  of  foods  as  may  produce  danger  to  the  pubHc  health. 

Article  2  provides  that  the  authorities  can  take,  without  payment, 
samples  for  examination  from  any  manufacturer  or  storekeeper  at 
any  time.  , 

Article  3  provides  that  those  fading  to  complv  with  the  orders  of  Hie 
officers  within  the  time  specified  can  be  fined  not  less  than  20  vcaa 
($10)  and  those  who  resist  the  officials  in  the  performance  of  tneir 
duties  may  be  imprisoned  for  not  less  than  a  month. 

Article  4  stipulates  that  faflnie  to  comply  permanently  mth  such 
orders  may  be  punished  bv  imprisonment  for  not  less  than  aproar. 
Bribery  m  connection  with  sudi  inspections  wiU  be  treatedraider 
theprovirions  of  the  (aiminal  code. 

T&  provisions  rdating  to  food  containers  and  utensils  follow: 

Artide  1  provides  that  the  provisions  shall  cover  all  utensils  used 
for  eating,  drinking,  cooking,  in  the  preparation  of  food.  Abo 
vessels  for  keeping,  storing,  or  measuring  foodstuffs. 

Article  2  pronibits  the  manufacture  or  repair  of  such  utensils  with 
materials  containmg  lead  or  an  alloy  containing  more  than  10  per 
cent  of  lead. 

Article  3  prohibits  the  use  of  solder  containing  over  20  per  cent  of 
lead  and  tin  plate  with  over  5  per  cent  of  lead.  Solder  containing 
not  over  50  per  cent  of  lead  may  be  used  in  canneries  for  the  outside 
seams  of  cans  and  for  closing  vent  holes  in  cans. 

Article  4  prohibits  the  manufacture  of  eating  and  drinking  utensOs 
coated  with  hora  (a  kind  of  enamel)  or  yuyakn  (a  kind  of  lacquer)  in 
which  arsenic  or  lead  may  be  detected  aftw  boiling  for  30  minutes  ui 
water  containing  4  per  cent  of  acetic  add.  Hiis  r^ulatbn  appliSB 
to  repairing  as  well  as  manufacture. 

Arode  5  states  that  trade-marks  or  some  other  identification  mark 
that  will  not  easily  be  removed  from  the  metal  should  be  affixed  bj 
manuifacturers  or  importers,  although  importers  for  the  present  may 
paste  their  own  labek  on  goods  iniported  or  use  some  identification 
mark  in  place  of  stamping  the  mark  on  the  metal. 

Article  6  stipulates  that  eating  or  drinking  utensils  manufactured  MMMflM 
or  repaired  in  contrav^tion  of  articles  2-5,  can  not  be  sold,  stored, 
or  ^Siibited  with  the  purpose  of  sale,  and  that  metallic  eating  and 
drinking  utensils  without  the  identification  marks  provided  in  artide 
5  likewise  can  not  be  sold,  stored,  or  exhibited  with  the  purpose  of 
sale. 


BS  ciAiriiBt>-aooi>8  tbads  m  tm  fah  east, 

ArtMe  7  provides  tkat  eating  or  drinkiiig  utensils  made  or  repaired 
wiMi  oopp«r  or  its  aloys  nmst  not  be  used  when  the  parts  comiog  in 
ooiitact  with  the  food  liaYe  lost  their  original  huster  or  have  bsoome 
divested  of  the  oiigmal  coating. 

The  remaining  articles  deal  with  the  laws  under  whidi  the  aiithoi>- 
ities  may  piooeed  to  euforoe  the  above-meiitioBed  xegulatbns. 

mmxMDo  QOTXEHMXHT  Mmxjjjm^m. 

The  local  branches  of  the  Government  are  also  taking  an  iMStive 
interest  in  the  endeavor  to  standardize  and  regulate  canning  as  may 
be  gathered  from  decree  No.  75  of  the  Hokkaido  Government  regu- 
lating and  supervising  the  canning  of  crab  meat,  promulgated  on 
October  1,  1911. 

Article  1.  Persons  desiring  to  engage  in  the  canning  of  crabs  must 
m^j  for  a  permit  from  the  governor  of  Hokkaido,  through  the  office 
of  the  distnct  in  which  the  factory  is  to  be  located. 

Artide  2.  Factories  manufacturing  canned  crab  for  export  must 
make  their  factories  conform  to  the  following  conditions: 

a.  Hie  ground  floor  or  space  used  for  Uie  preparation  of  crab  meat 
must  be  cemented,  paved,  or  boarded  and  well  drained. 

ft.  Factories  must  be  fitted  with  boilers,  steaming  kettles,  and 
wooden  tubs  (factories  established  prior  to  the  issuance  of  these  rules 
may  temporarily  use  the  duect-heating  steam  kettles  until  the  boilers 
are  obtamed). 

«.  Steam  kettles  (direct-heating  steam  kettles  included)  should  be 
fitted  with  pressure  gauges  and  safety  valves.  (Direct-heating  steam 
kettles  should  also  be  supplied  with  glass  water-level  gaug^J 

d.  Double-seaming  apparatus  for  closing  cans  must  be  used  (fac- 
tories estabhshed  prior  to  the  issuance  of  these  rules  may  temporarily 
continue  to  solder  tops  upon  cans  until  double-seaming  mAiCt^^tv^ 
can  be  obtained). 

Article  3.  The  pressure  gauges  on  steam  kettles  must  be  tested 
annually  before  beginning  operations  and  the  differences  of  reading 
posted  m  conspicuous  places  near  the  kettle;  gauges  showing  mark- 
edlv  incorrect  readings  must  not  be  used. 

Article  4.  Apphcants  for  the  establishment  of  new  factories  must 
lifnish  the  following  particulars  accompanied  by  a  plan  of  the  factory : 
(1)  Situation  of  the  iactory;  (2)  equipment,  macninery,  and  accessories 
(kind  and  number  of  steam  kettles,  driving  machines,  and  can-making 
machines);  (3)  thA  method  by  which  water  is  supphed;  (4)  kinds  and 
estimated  amount  <rf  mamnacture;  (5)  market  for  goods  (whether 
for  home  consumption  or  export);  (6)  working  period-  (7)  factories 
having  boOers  and  engines  must  conform  to  article  1  of  the  regulations 
for  the  supervision  oi  boilers  and  engines  on  land. 

Article  5.  Permission  of  the  Hokkaido  Government  must  be 
obtained  for  the  enlargement  of  any  factory  or  Uie  chaoge  ia  loc^ion 
of  buildings  or  equipment. 

Article  6.  Application  must  also  be  made  for  the  closing  or  sus- 
pension of  a  factory  or  the  reopening  after  suspension. 

Article  7.  The  Hokkaido  Government  has  the  right  to  send  officials 
to  inspect  the  factories  and  to  supervise  the  manufacture. 

Article  8.  Those  who  engage  in  the  manufacture  of  canned  crabs 
without  permissbn  or  who  violate  articles  2  and  5,  or  those  who  have 


qjyf  HEU-GOODS  TBADB  HT  THE  FAB  BAST. 


89 


permits  to  manufacture  for  home  consumption  and  who  sell  their 
goods  for  export,  may  be  fined  not  more  than  50  yen  ($25). 

Article  9.  Tersons  violating  articles  2  and  5  or  refusing  to  maau- 
facture  for  home  consumption  and  who  sell  theur  ^oods  for  export 
may  either  be  restrained  temporarily  from  continumg  opmtions  or 
the^pmnit  may  be  canceled  entirely. 

Article  10.  For  factories  where  boilers  and  engines  are  installed, 
articles  2,  7,  11,  and  19  of  the  regulations  for  supervising  boikrs  ana 
engines  on  land  are  applicable. 

BBGULATIONS  OF  CANNEBS'  GUILD  OF  NEMUBO  AND  GHISHIMA. 

If  the  supervision  of  the  local  government  is  seemingly  broad,  the 
rules  of  the  Canners'  Guild  of  Isemuro  and  Chishima  endeavor  to 
still  further  improve  the  quaUty  of  the  crab  meat  canned  in  Hokkaido, 
as  may  be  determined  by  the  following  set  of  rules : 

Article  61.  When  putting  up  crabs  and  shrimps  in  cans  <Mr  boitlea 
the  foQowing  particulars  should  specially  be  observed: 

1.  Hn  plate  to  be  employed  snouM  be  of  ''charcoal"  brand,  of 
oyer  90  pounds  per  case. 

2.  Wotu  and  rusty  tin  plate  should  not  be  emploved. 

3.  Hie  can-making  process  should  be  that  of  roll  tighteninjg,  but 
when  unarc^dable,  outside  solder  jointing  may  be  emmoyed  lor  tho 
time  bemg. 

4.  Seams  on  the  sides  should  be  of  folder-over  joints. 

5.  The  cross  section  of  the  side  seam  in  outside  solder-jointed  cans 

should  be  covered  with  tin. 

6.  OU,  leaks,  resin,  and  fat  are  used  as  flux  lor  seahng  solder;  the 
use  of  zinc-chloride  water  should  be  avoided. 

7.  Crabs  and  shrimps  should  be  killed  immediately  after  they  are 
caught,  and  should  not  be  exposed  directly  to  the  sun;  if  possible 
they  should  be  cooked  and  put  up  in  cans  or  bottles  the  same  day. 

8.  Prepared  crab  meats  snould  be  cleansed  in  water  or  hot  water. 

9.  Prepared  crab  meat,  after  being  cleansed,  should  be  sHghtly 
pressed  to  drive  out  what  water  may  have  been  absorbed  in  washing. 

10.  Crab  meat  should  be  wrapped  in  good  sulphuric-acid  paper. 

11.  When  preparing  crab  meat,  rusty  cutlery  should  not  be  used. 
^  12.  When  putting  up  crab  meat  cans  or  bottles  must  always  be 

rinsed  with  hot  water. 

13.  Quantity  of  salt  to  be  used  for  each  pound  can  m  0.8  to  1 
momme  (1.69  to  2.12  drams  avoirdupcns)  of  better  than  second- 
class  home-made  salt,  free  from  such  impuiides  as  earthy  matleiSy 
ashes,  etc.,  or  German  salt. 

14.  Contents,  after  completion,  must  be  of  solid  meat  of  over  105 
momme  (0.87  pound  avoirdupois)  for  the  pound  can  and  oyer  50 
momme  (0.41  pound  avoirdupois)  for  the  half-pound  can. 

15.  Cooking  pans  must  be  always  cleaned  and  must  not  be  rustr. 

16.  The  water  in  which  crabs  and  shrimpB  are  cooked  must  be 
free  from  sulphur  or  iron. 

17.  Application  of  heat,  when  ordinary  kettles  are  used,  must 
extend  over  2  hours  at  a  boiling  temperature — over  1  hour  before 
and  over  li  hours  after  venting.  In  case  steam  heat  is  used,  apph- 
cation  of  heat  must  extend  over  40  minutes  before  and  over  1  uour 


'40  ,  oyui"Xii>-€KioijB  cbaub  ik  the  fab  east. 

•iii  20  minutes  after  veiitiiigy  at  a  pressure  of  4  pounds,  as  measuxvd 
on  the  steam  gaiige.  - 

18.  liiiieral  acids  or  acelio  add  should  not  be  employed. 

19.  Wlnen  tlie  ordinary  ketde  ia  employed,  a  tub  should  be  fixed 
and  on  its  top  a  Hd  with  a  hols  should  be  applied. 

20.  CSsos,  after  sterilizalion  is  fimahedi  should  qusekfy  be  put  into 
oold  water  and  cooled. 

21.  Yent  holea  fflwuM  be  ss  small  sa  Bosdble. 

BXHJBS  OF  XHB  HmOSBIllA  GANinBBS'  017ILD. 

Guilds  such  as  the  one  quoted  above  are  numerous  in  Japan. 
They  correspond  to  our  canners'  association  in  America,  but 
with  Government  backing  and  supervision  they  exert  a  stronger 
influence  over  their  members,  as  may  be  seen  from  the  rules  and 
regulations  of  the  Hiroshima  Canners*  Guild  (Kanzume-Seizo  Dogyo 
Kumiai),  which  follow.  The  objects  of  the  guilds  are  stated  to  be 
to  rectify  improper  commercial  habits  and  to  promote  the  interests 
of  the  camiing  mdustry  by  the  cooperative  enorts  of  all  those  en^ 
gaged  in  the  business. 

By  article  8,  the  guild,  in  order  io  aoeompish  the  objects  set  f ordi, 
imdertakoi  the  following  items: 

1.  AdTancementol  the  artof  cammifaiidtl^ 
iii^ttiodi  pertainin|^  to  the  industry. 

2.  Standardization  of  shapes  and  contents  of  cans. 

3.  Collection  of  samples  produced  both  at  home  and  abroad  for 
reference  of  the  trade. 

4.  The  dispatch  of  inspectors  to  Taiious  pdnts  of  the  world  when 
regarded  as  necessary. 

5.  Kendenng  facilities  for  exhibiting  articles  at  world's  fairs, 
exhibitions,  competitive  shows,  etc. 

6.  Responding  to  the  inquiries  of  the  gOYemmental  offioss  and 
offering  opinions  thereto. 

7.  Supervising  laborers,  employees,  etc.,  and  investigating  methods 
of  encouraging  and  protecting  them. 

8.  Settlmg  commerdal  quarrels  between  members  and  arbitrating^ 
comn  requested 
to  do  so. 

9.  Membero  must  inform  the  president  of  the  guild  (stating  full 
details)  iriien  an  employee  is  discharged  on  accoimt  df  improper 
behayior.  The  president  and  aunmittee  accordingly  may,  if  the 
evidence  warrants,  prevent  the  reem|doymait  of  sucn  person  by  any 
other  member  of  the  guild,  or  may  cancel  such  prohibitioii  ttod  so 
notify  the  members. 

Members  are  obliged  to  expose  in  a  prominent  place  at  the  entrance 
of  their  places  of  business  a  sign  showing  that  they  are  members  of 
the  guila.  Members  can  not  refuse  to  act  as  officers,  if  elected,  nor 
resign  after  election  except  on  account  of  illness  or  old  age.  The 
principal  officials  serve  without  pay,  but  the  clerks  and  inspectors 
receive  salaries. 

Article  26  provides  for  the  standardization  of  cans  and  solid 
contents. 

Breach  of  rules  and  delay  in  paying  dues  result  in  fines  varying 
from  5  yen  (12.50  gold)  to  100  yen  (WO  gold). 


CANNEn-GOODS  TBADE  IN  THE  PAR  BAST.  41 

A  system  of  rewards  and  pensions  to  employees  of  long  standing  or 
those  deserving  of  special  commendation  is  provided  for  throng  the 
committee  of  &»  gudd.  Arbitration  is  also  undertaken. 

BBGULATIONa  OF  YOKOHAMA  MABINX-fBOiyilOTa  mBIK 

The  marine-products  guilds  (of  which  there  are  220)  are  of  mueh 
importance  at  the  principal  points  of  exports,  as  Yokohama  and 
Kobe.  The  main  object  of  these  guilds  is  to  examine  the  manufacture 
cl  marine  products  imd  to  make  inquiries  respecting  markets  ior  their 

sale. 

The  regulations  of  the  Yokohama  guild  for  the  examination  of  ma- 
rine products  for  export,  adopted  March  10,  1913,  show  the  anxiety 
of  the  Japanese  to  maintain  a  standard  for  their  goods.  At  one  time 
the  variation  in  quality  of  canned  crab  threatened  severe  loss  to  the 
better  class  of  canners,  hence  the  adoption  of  these  new  rules: 

Article  I.  There  are  13  kinds  of  fishery  products  for  export  that  are 
to  be  examined  by  this  guild,  but  for  the  time  being  5  of  them  only, 
that  is,  canned  crabs,  shrimps,  salmon,  trout,  and  abalone,  are  sub- 
ject to  examination.  The  13  kinds  are  aa  foUowa:  Gannusd  crabe, 
canned  shrimps,  canned  salmon,  canned  sslmon  trout,  canned  aba- 
lone,  dried  abalone,  dried  trepang,  dried  cutttefiah,  dried  shrimps, 
gelatine  (kanten),  seaweeds  (kombu),  cut  seaweeds  Qdsami  komlm), 
ahell  ligaments. 

Artidle  11.  Members  of  the  guild  can  not  sell  or  export  (to  Taiwan 
and  Chosen  inclusive)  tiiose  articles  that  are  subject  to  examination 
and  yet  not  examined,  and  can  not  export  (to  Taiwan  and  CSioeen 

inclusive)  those  goods  that  are  rejected  in  examination. 

Article  HI.  Examination  is  held  in  the  place  fixed  by  the  guild,  but 
by  the  request  of  owners  of  articles  subject  to  examination  it  may  be 
held  on  the  spot  where  such  articles  are  stored.  In  such  cases  the 
expense  must  be  borne  by  the  owners. 

Article  IV.  Those  who  apply  for  examination  shall  pay  the  fee 
fixed  by  the  guild,  said  fee  to  be  collected  at  the  following  rate,  irre- 
spective of  the  goods  passed  or  rejected  in  the  examination:  Canned 
crabs  and  shrimps,  4  sen  per  case:  canned  salmon  and  salmon  trout, 
2  sen  per  case ;  canned  abalone,  2  sen  per  case.  • 

Article  Y.  Those  who  apply  lor  examination  should  send  in  a  writ- 
ten application  for  the  guild  office  three  days  before  the  examinatioii 
will  be  made. 

Artide  YL  Examinations  will  be  made  in  the  order  of  receipt  of  appli- 
cations, but  whm  it  is  deeemd  necessary  the  chief  and  examiners, 
without  waitingthe  applicant's  request,  may  make  the  examination. 

Article  VII.  When  me  goods  are  passed,  one .  certificate  will  be 
issued  for  the  whole  lot  and  the  mark  provided  for  in  Article  XX  will 
be  stamped  on  the  outside  of  each  case.  If  requested  for  each  indi- 
vidual shipment,  however,  separate  certificates  can  be  issued.  For 
those  articles  rejected  in  the  examination,  the  mark  provided  for  Utt- 
der  Article  XX  will  be  stamped  on  the  front  of  each  case. 

Article  VIII.  When  examination  is  to  be  made,  it  is  necessary  that 
two  examiners  and  the  applicant  concerned  shall  be  present. 

Article  IX.  The  guild  is  provided  with  more  than  two  exandners 
and  a  certain  number  of  assistant  examiners  and  inspectors,  all  of 


whom  wiU  be  m^et  apfioiiited  or  aasigned  to  duty  by  the  ohi^  of  the 

guild. 

Article  X.  When  dimtifllection  at  the  examination  is  felt,  appli- 
eation  for  reexamination  can  be  made.  When  such  application  is 
presented  and  the  chief  of  the  guild  deems  it  necessary,  other  examin- 
ers shall  perform  the  examination,  and  sometimes  officials  may  be 
present,  if  at  the  reexamination  the  preceding  one  is  found  to  be 
right  and  just,  the  examination  fee  will  be  charged  anew. 

Article  XI.  Examination  is  made  as  to  the  packing,  outside  a|>- 
pearance  of  cans,  and  their  contents.  As  to  the  contents  of  cans,  if 
deemed  necessary,  warm-room  examination  Qieat  tests)  or  chemical 
examination  will  oe  made. 

Article  XII.  Examination  of  the  outside  appearance  of  cans  is 
made  in  conformity  with  the  examination  standard;  that  is,  more  than 
3  cases  out  of  the  lot  of  each  50  cases  (in  proportion  when  leas  than 
50  cases)  of  one  and  same  kind  are  unpacked,  and  when  ewm  one  can 
is  found  faulty  the  packing  must  be  renewed  and  be  subject  to  reex- 
amination. 

Article  Xm.  Examinatbn  of  the  contents  of  cans  is  made  accord- 
ing to  the  examination  standard;  that  is,  cans  are  opened  in  the  folr 
lowing  ratioi  and  if  eyen  one  can  is  found  faulty  exactly  the  same 
eKammation  will  be  lepeated,  and  if  the  same  fault  is  found  the 
whole  lot  shall  be  rejected:  Not  more  than  5  cans  out  of  less  than  50 
cases  of  one  and  the  same  kind;  not  more  than  10  cans  out  of  50  to 
100  cases;  not  more  than  20  cans  out  of  100  to  500  cases;  not  more 
than  30  cans  out  of  more  than  50 )  cases. 

Article  XIV.  When  the  packing  is  incomplete  and  does  not  com- 
ply with  the  examination  standard,  examiners  may  order  repacking. 

Article  XV.  When  articles  were  manufactured  for  test  purposes 
and  bear  the  testimonials  from  the  Government  offices^  they  may 
not  be  subject  to  the  examination  regulations. 

Article  XVI.  The  applicants  must  inform  the  guild  office  as  to 
what  steps  are  to  be  taKen  in  disposing  of  the  rejected  ^oods. 

Article  XVll.  With  respect  to  the  disposal  of  the  rejected  oqodB, 
examiners  can  at  any  time  inspect  stores  or  warehouses,  and  wiken  it 
is  considered  that  something  is  wrong  the  chief  of  the  guild  will  be 
informed.  In  such  cases  the  chief  of  the  guild  takes  the  steps  noted 
undar  Article  XVm. 

Article  XVill.  When  members  of  the  guild  sell  or  export  (to  Tai- 
wan and  Cliosen  indusiye)  the  goods  that  are  subject  to  examina- 
tion and  yet  not  examined,  or  export  (to  Taiwan  and  Chosen  indu- 
siye)  the  goods  rejected  in  the  examination,  they  are  fined,  through 
the  decision  of  the  official  meeting  of  the  guild,  and  the  penalty  is  in 
conformitywith  the  Article  75  in  the  rules  of  the  guild. 

Article  XIX.  The  examination  standard  fixed  by  the  guild  is  as 
foUows,  but  names  and  inside  quantity  of  canned  ''hanasaki  kani," 
"zuwai  kani,"  and  **ke  kani,"  which  are  different  from  ordinary 
kani  (crabs),  must  be  clearly  described  on  the  top  of  the  case.  When 
names  and  quantity  of  contents,  as  above  mentioned,  are  not  stated, 
examiners  will  describe  them  and  then  make  the  examination.  The 
following  is  the  examination  standaid  for  canned  crabs  and  shrimp 
(momme  »  0.008267  pound) : 


IBABt. 


Signs  and 
on  cans. 
Outside 


Qiniar.... 
CoDfeenli... 


Reaotkm  

Injorioos  matter. 


fUWAI  Aim  n  XAML 


Signs  and 
on  cans. 
Oatskle  appearance  of 

Sh^M  of  otu.. 


Quality  

Contents.... 


Reaction  

Injurious  matter. 
Material  for  cans. 


novT. 


Signs  and 
on  cans. 


Outside 
cans. 
Quality.. 


•iipeanDoe  f 


Contents. 


Reaction  

Injurious  matter. 
IbtvM  for  cans. 


(ABALOHS, 
BT&). 


Signs  and 
on  cans. 
Ootiide 


Complete  and  in  conformity  with  reK" 

ulations. 

Roll-closing  or  outside  fitting  cans; 
good;  soldering  and  shape  of  cans 
complete. 
Ferfoct  meats,  clear  c(dor,  innate  flavor. 

S(flid  crab  meats:  Over  105  momme  for 
1-lb  can;  over  50  for  Hb.  can. 
Shrimp:  Over  50  momme  for  1-lb. 
can;  over  25  momme  for  ^Vo.  can. 


alk^ine. 


Neutral  or 

None  

Tin  plate  "  charcoal "  or  lacquered  and 
complete  quality;  more  than  95 
pounds  per  case  for  1-lb.  can;  more 
than  90  pounds  per  case  for  i-lb.  can. 
ICaterial  for  cases;  thickness  of  end 
pieoes  more  than  6  bu  (0.739  in.); 
uieimess  of  top,  bottom,  sides,  more 
than  5  ba  (0.596  in.);  well  dried, 
good  quality,  and  no  knots;  securely 


Bejected. 


good  que 
piekM. 


Complete  and  in  oanfbrmfty  wiUi  rag- 

ulations. 

Roll-closing  or  outside  fitting  cans; 
good;  soldfldng  and  tibafib  of  tMs 

complete. 
^1  OULs;  3  Sim  3  bu  in  diameter  (3.93 
in.),  1  sun  8  bu  high  (2.14  inO;  small 
oans,  8  son  in  dtanieter  (Ml  ta.),  1 
sun  5  bu  high  (1.789  in.). 
Perfect  meats;  clean  color;  innate 
flavor. 

Big  oans;  solid  meats,  over  80  momme 
(0.682  lb.);  small  cans,  solid  msKtB, 
ov«r  40  momme  (0.331  lb.). 

Neutral  or  wBakaUcsltee  

None  

Tin  plate  "charcoal"  or  lacquered  and 
complete  quality;  more  than  95 
pounds  per  case  for  1-lb.  can;  more 
than  90  pounds  per  case  forj-lb.  can. 

Material  rar  cases;  thickness  of  end 

ftieces  more  than  6  bu  (0.739  in.); 
hickness  of  top,  bottom,  sides  5  bu 
(0.596  in.);  well  dried,  good  quality, 
and  00  knots;  aeeiifelj9«BM 


Ck>mplete  and  in  eoaioraaliy  wtta  the 
regulttUoni. 

Oood;soldning  and  fliluq^  of  cans  com- 
plete. 

PerlBct  meats;  clean  color;  innate 

Solid  meats,  ovw  105  momme  for  14l>. 
can  (0.869  lb.);  over  50  mtmm»  tot 
Hb.  can (0.414  lb.).. 

Neutral  or  Mk  alkaline  

None  ' 

Tin  plate  '  charcoal "  or  I.  G.  or  lac- 
quered and  complete  qoaliWi'more 
ttum  95  pounds  per  ease  for  14d.  oan; 
more  t&n  W  poondi  par  oaaa  for 
i-lh.  can. 

Material  for  cases;  thickness  of  end 
pieces  more  than  6  bu;  thickness  top, 
bottom  sides  5  bu;  well  dried,  good 
quality,  mi  m  knots;  aacnmly 


quality, 
pM^eo. 


Complete  and  in  ooofwmity  with  reg- 
ulations. 

Gtood;  solderiof  mA  ihva  of 
oompleta. 


Inoomplete  and  not  in  ooofarmUy 
with  regulations. 

Inside  fittin'^,  rusty  or  expanded  cans; 
incomplete  soldering;  damaged  shape 
of  cans. 

Meats  spoiled;  discolored;  stale,  offen- 
sive odor;  female  or  youn,^  crabs. 

Solid  crab  meats:  Less  than  105  mcunme 
fbr  1-lb.  can:  teas  than  SO  momme  fat 

Hb.  can.  Shrimp:  Less  than  flO 
momme  for  1-lb.  can;  less  than  25 
momme  for  1-lb.  can. 

Acid  or  strong'alkaline. 

Contahied. 

Not  having  the  stated  weight  and  in* 
o(miplete  quality. 


Not  usin;;  the  stated  ItomA, 
ing  incomplete. 


bMomplete  and  not  in  eonmity  wHk 

regulations. 
Inside  fitting,  rusty,  or  expanded  jnns; 

incomplete! 

of  cans. 
Not] 


m 


Meats  spoiled;  discolored;  stale.  0 

sive  odor;  female  or  young  crabs. 

Big  cans,  solid  meats  less  than 
momme;  small  cans,  aolid 
than  40  momme. 

Acid  or  strong  aUrallHli. 

Contained.  ^     ,         ^  ^ 

Not  having  the  stated  mli^t  and  in- 
oomplete qoali^. 

Not  U8in£  a  stated  board  and  packing 
ineomplete. 


Incomplete  and  not  ii  eoalBnttity  wfHi 

regulations. 
Expanded  and  rusty  cans;  mcomplete 

soldering;  damaged  shape  of  caos. 
SpoUed  meata;  diMolQioa.  I 

sive  odor. 
Containing  leaa 


Acid  or  stn 
Contained. 
Not  having  the  stated 
complete  quality* 


Not  usmg  stated  mmiltr  i^A  PMkfeig 
incomplete. 


Inoomplete  and  not  in  conformity  with 
regulations. 

ided  and  rusty  cans;  inoompleti 


44  OAKNEB-GOOBS  TBADE  IN  THE  FAB  BABT. 


IfUjiotoa. 

EUt  8HXLL8  (ABALONIf 

BCC)— oonUBiiod. 

C  w^lotoforai;  good  «olaf *  elMr  Joke, 
imuito  fltovW' 

Solid  meato  om40moinine(0.3311b.) 
for  141k  eMI. 

Spoiled,  cflMiBiv  odor,  vtn  turbid 
Juice;  nMmatwCared  from  dried  tar 

shells,  strongly  acid. 
Not  having  the  stated  weight 

Contahied. 

Not  having  stattd  iitiiSlt  and  faeoai- 
plato  anilllr. 

Not  nsing  the  stated  qnlllff  MMlfMiE- 
ingincrax^te. 

IfMwial  lor  etmi.. ...... 

Tin  plate  "charcoal"  or  IC  or  lao- 
qaered  and  complete  qjcaUtj  over 
SO  pounds  per  caw. 

Material  for  cases;  thickness  of  end 
pieces  more  than  0  bn;  top,  bottom, 
tides  more  than  5  bu;  well  dried, 
good^yaU^,  and  no  knote;  securely 

The  can  containing  meat  of  over  60  momme  in  weight  is  called 
''heavy,"  that  of  50-60  momme  ''light,"  and  that  of  40-50  momme 
"lightest" 

Jmicfe  XX.  J^ds,  size,  and  impressioiis  of  the  stamps  and  ooliiis 
of  the  ImpieeBioiis  aie  §xm  hj  the  guild. 


CSiM-afAXING  lACTOBIBa 

Many  young  men  from  the  Government  schools  of  canning  start 
into  the  caafiitis  business  for  themselves.  Beginning,  as  a  rule,  witii 
small  capital,  the  plants  established  in  this  way  are  naturally  primi- 
tiw  and  are  in  some  cases  nothing  more  than  a  small  shed  attached 
In  #ie  house  of  the  owner.  In  such  cases  practically  the  only  equip- 
ment is  secondhand  machinery  of  the  hand-operated  type  for  making 
ems,  im  manufacture  of  cans  is  at  present  an  aroolutely  neces- 
sary part  of  all  canning  factories  in  the  outlying  districts,  it  is  not 
unusual  to  find  the  factories  of  the  larger  centers  manufacturing  their 
own  cans  also,  in  spite  of  the  fact  wkt  caurmaking  fMstories  an  in 
flodstence  in  Tokyo  and  Osaka. 

The  principal  work  of  these  can-making  factories  consists  in  litho- 
^phing  labels  directly  on  the  sheet  tin  and  in  lacquering  the  sheet 
tin  for  the  protection  of  the  contents,  leaving  the  manufacture  of  the 
cans  themselves  to  the  individual  factories.  The  largest  can-making 
establishment  of  the  three  located  in  the  city  of  Tokyo  finishes 
annually  3,000,000  cans.  At  these  can  factories  sanitary  cans,  made 
with  German  or  Japanese  double-seaming  apparatus,  are  the  only 
type  manufactured.  It  was  stated  that  not  more  than  10  per  cent 
of  the  smaller  canning  establishments  in  Japan  that  manufacture 
their  own  cans  own  double-seamer  machines.  In  many  factories 
the  older  types  of  hand-soldered  cans  are  made.  This  apphes,  how- 
ever, to  gooos  sold  largely  in  Japan  and  not  to  a  great  extent  to  those 
for  exports , 

Attention  should  be  given  to  the  difference  between  the  size  of 
cans  manufactured  for  Japanese  home  consumption^  in  fact  even  for 
those  for  ejqport,  and  the  usual  size  of  Ammcan  cans.  The  econom- 
ical habits  m  the  Japanese  prechide  any  demand  for  cans  containing 
more  than  can  be  consumedat  a  meal,  ocmaequentity  the  2-pound  and 
3-pound  cans  of  American  manufacture  are  <nrdiiuinly  larger  than 
desired.  A  can  containinf  appioKimately  on^lialf  poand%>r  even 


CANNBD-GOODS  TBADB  IN  THB  PAB  WUm. 


45 


one-fourth  pound  is  much  more  favored  by  the  Japanese.  Crabs, 
shrimps,  and  salmon  for  export  are  generally  put  up  in  flat  J-pound 
and  1-pound  cans  3.65  incnes  and  4i  inches  in  diameter  and  1.9 
inches  and  2}  inches  in  height,  respectively.  The  pineapi>le  is  about 
the  only  product  put  up  in  2-pound  or  3-pound  cans.  The  height 
and  diameter  of  pmeapple  cans  are  as  follows:  Four  inches  hig^,  3.4 
inches  in  diameter,  contents  3  J  pounds;  3.7  inches  high,  3.2  inches  m 
diameter,  contents  2§  pounds ;  3.7  mches  high,  2.9  inches  m  diameto^ 
contents  2  pounds.  The  Japanese  fruits  and  v^tabies  are  rarely 
packed  in  cans  containing  more  than  1  pound,  and  the  cans  are 
modeled  on  the  Frendi  or  Beteium  types,  being  about  4  mdies  t^l 
and  2.75  inches  in  diameter.  There  is  a  variety  of  cans  found  m  the 
different  factories,  but  greater  effort  toward  standardization  in  ihm 
respect  is  being  made  by  the  guilds,  especially  for  export  In  makmg 
an  effort  to  sell  American  canned  foods  among  the  masses  of  Japanese 
the  preference  for  cans  of  smaU  size  should  be  borne  in  mind. 

The  price  for  manufactured  cans  delivered  at  the  factories  in  the 
city  limits  of  Tokyo,  or  f.  o.  b.  for  shipment,  are  2.8  sen  (0.014  cent) 
for  1 -pound  plain  cans  of  the  sanitary  type  in  orders  of  not  less  than 

'  Most  of  the  cans  are  sold  with  the  labels  lithographed  upon  the 
tin  in  one  or  more  colors,  although  paper  labels  are  also  used,  espe- 
cially upon  articles  for  export  to  America.  There  are  a  number  of 
factories  that  confine  their  work  to  the  lithographing  of  labels  imon 
the  sheet  tin,  to  be  shipped  to  the  canner  for  the  further  worE  of 
cutting  and  making  mto  cans.  The  labels  are  so  arranged  on  the 
sheet  as  to  cause  the  least  possible  waste  in  cuttings  These  labels 
are  usually  of  Japanese  design,  but  generally  have  the  nao^  of  the 
contents,  manufacturer's  name,  and  other  data  in  both  Japanese 
and  English.  They  are  executed  in  one  or  more  colors,  altnough 
those  of  three  colors  are  the  standard.  Cans  made  with  labda  litho- 
graphed upon  them  cost,  for  the  standard  three-color  1-pound  siii 
3.9  sen  (0.0195  cent)  each,  in  not  less  than  5,000  lots.  This  includes 
the  designing  of  the  label  and  making  of  the  stone,  as  well  as  all  other 
details  of  manufacture.  To  large  jconsumers  this  price  is  shaded 
from  0.1  to  0.2  sen  per  can. 

Those  canners  making  their  own  cans  pay  the  following  prices  for 
lithographing  the  labels  on  the  sheet  tin:  One  color,  1  sen  (i  cent) 
per  sheet;  two  colors,  2.3  sen;  three  colors,  3.4  sen;  four  colors,  4.2 
sen.  The  smallest  order  accepted  is  for  5  cases  of  tin  of  112  sheeta 
each. 

LACQUERED  CANS. 

About  10  per  cent  of  the  cans  manufactured  on  lithographed  sheet 
tin  are  lacquered  on  the  inside.  These  are  used  chiefly  by  the  canned- 
crab  packers.  The  lacquer  mostly  used  is  of  Japanese  manufacture 
and  known  as  "yei  sei  kanzaL"  it  is  a  comparative^  new  product, 
the  invention  dr  Prof.  Kmiichi  Mi^azaki,  instructor  ol  the  fisherjf 
expeann^t  station  of  Tokyo,  which  is  under  the  Department  of  Agri- 
culture and  Commerce  of  Japanese  Government.  After  experir 
menting  with  various  lacquers  for  the  interior  of  cans  for  a  number 
of  years,  he  succeeded  in  making  a  lacquer  about  three  years  ago  that 
he  claims  will  succes-fully  withstand  the  heat  necessary  for  processing 
aiiy  character  of  canned  foods  without  any  tendency  to  crack,  aoftent 


46 


c^z^rritX' say^'if  half  c^Mi  zpr^. 

^lea  by  him  m  Japan  iindiir  tkl        ^^^^  Jacquer  has  been  n^f 

which  has 

of  hJS^K.  1  f*^^  wooden  racks  fn  ii^i  i        ^  ^*ter  is  kept 

mnaPAL  cjonma  cbntbu. 

«-Bed  crab,  BlSS^'^jJ^STi.  ^^SjOoi^S?'?^; 
«e  western  coast  <i  tt«         •  'i  °j  %h''  ^'Tazu  and^v^Si^  „' 

,  4.  vojru,  \jman,  and  vieuuty,  for 


CMIKKXD-Q00D8  TB4DE  Of  THE  VAB  BAST.  47 

* 

fBgetftbles,  picHflj^  mi  general  canning;  Hiioehunii  and  Km,  in 
the  soathem  padp  niain  island  for  meats,  mndiiooniSi  and 
general  eaiining;  Mrnnbsa  for  pineapple. 

Canning  plants  are  foundi  however,  in  all  parts  of  Japui,  there 
being  784  factories  reported  in  the  Gk>Temment  statistics,  employing 
2^672  male  and  3,762  female  workers,  and  having  an  output  as  fol- 
lows: Beef,  6,659,695  cans,  valued  at  $631,880;  fruit,  3,184,420  cans, 
valued  at  $203,867;  fish  and  shellfish,  etc.,  15,338,083  cans,  valued 
at  $1,156,508;  miscellaneous,  7,769,814  cans  valued  at  $493,027; 
total,  32,952,012  cans  valued  at  $2,485,282.  This  is  an  increase  of 
approximately  $300,000  in  three  years. 

The  daily  average  wages  paid  by  these  factories  is  as  follows:  For 
boys  under  14  years  of  age,  8  to  11^  cents;  for  girls,  6  to  8  cents; 
for  men,  21i  to  50  cents;  and  for  women,  12i  to  17i  cents.  This  is 
for  a  working  day  of  10  to  11  hours.  It  was  stated  in  the  Hiroshima 
factories  that  these  wages  were  higher  than  fonnerly  and  that  they 
were  steadily  advancing.  The  wages  vary  ccmsiderably  according  to 
locality,  the  higher  rates  being  for  labor  m  the  dyes  ii  impertanoe. 
The  branch  ofwe  Tagasu  Canning  Co.  in  Oboaen  pays  15  oeata  a  day 
for  skilled  male  lalxMEerB  and  about  7^  to  9  cents  for  women. 

Tin  is  pnichaaed  ehie%  in  England  and  costs  $8.35  to  $9  f .  o.  b. 
Kobe  per  box  of  112  sheets  24  by  28  inches  each.  IC  charcoal  aver- 
ages  $8.76  f.  o.  b.  Kobe,  and  IC  coke  $8.50  f.  o.  b.  Kobe.  The  com- 
ment made  by  the  owners  of  the  large  factory  that  furnishes  goods 
for  the  Japanese  Navy  was  to  the  effect  that,  judgmg  from  trials  of 
American  tin  plate  used  several  years  ago,  the  amount  of  tin  on  the 
plate  is  not  sufficient  nor  evenly  applied ;  English  tin  plate  is  con- 
sequently preferred.  This  factory  uses  about  750  cases  of  tin  plate 
per  year  at  its  plants. 

Solder  costs  4  yen  per  kwan  (24  cents  a  pound).  Paper  labels  cost 
$1.15  per  1,000  in  orders  of  not  less  than  l^^O. 

GR4B-GANNING  INDUSTRY. 

The  exportation  of  crab  meat  from  Japan  has  been  increasing 
rapidbjTy  as  indicated  by  the  following  expert  statistics  given  by  Uie 
Japanese  Qovernment: 


Tens. 


1909  .ITTMHi-.:.   105»828  $176,017 

1910      .   .  jH^Bl  ;   201,732  364,395 

i9u:::...jiiJ^Bfcifc.'  ■  •  •  

IMS.  J 


Of  this  output,  by  far  the  largest  proportion  comes  from  the  Kuril 
Islands  nearest  the  island  of  Hokkaido,  the  principal  factories  being 
located  on  the  island  of  Kunajiro  (or  Kimasniro).  The  factories  on 
the  western  coast  of  the  island  of  Sakhalin  follow  as  second  in  impor- 
tance, and  the  region  along  the  western  coast  of  the  main  island  of 
Japan,  including  the  Provinces  of  Tango,  Echizen,  Wakasa  Tamba, 
and  Tajima,  is  me  newest  and  smallest  of  the  crab-canning  sections. 


48 


OAKSXIHX>OI»  IBAin  W  THE  FAB  BAST, 


J^vm^t'&TV?'^^'^  oo^st  of  Japan  is 

SKSTLS^^'k^**      Hokkaido  and  SakhaliS,  the 

<a*bs  HiffpTiniL^uiir  •     •  ^?  "  «'*P«n  IS  the  inachtis.  These 
^ifti?^??  matWMlty  m  Bize,  tile  specua  found  in  Hokkaido  fre- 
quenUy  sttaming  a  meMuremont  of  6  feet  feom  tip  to  tip  of  le« 
while  the  specif  found  on  the  western  coast  of  J«piu  rarel?  Txce^s 

folnl  ^^V^  ^*'P  Hokkaido  crrtT^OT  fi^mXS 

found  on  the  western  coast  also  in  havinir  onlv  6  lera  9  S.™  f! 
place  of  8  legs  and  2  claws.    The  quScrf  tL  meft         »K?^ k 

^^h"'*'  T^"^  ^"^^     *         m^orrd^U?aS  aSd  i^TeatKi 
^^k'^fif  r**'  whereas  in  the  Hokkaido  crabX^»?rf  t£lj^ 
T?hf         the  muscles  of  the  body  being  discarded  m  too  c^a*^ 
The  mdustry  along  the  western  coist  of  Japan  has  been  devrf^' 
Tki^.w^\^'?''^^  of      Kioto  Fbheries  CK 

A,f£l*v"  western  coast  of  Japan  are  caii<r>,t 

to  the  seyere  weather  e^peSHnX^SSLml^^T^feZ?? 
brng  IS  done  at  a d  stance c?  12  to  40  milMnff  S« }  i 
a  depth  of  50  to  130  fniCoB  '^^ZS^^^^^f^l^^^f^ 
nets,  and  are  troUed  behind  boa4  They'^lSe^l^p^dTS 
having  an  open  mouth  about  10  feat  in  len.»fh^  sacK-enaped  bags 
supphed  wit^'  a  string  of  wSn  stn>  e'LhTLJ^to  J^hul^the 

ig^LtatetsTflhSt^^^^^^^ 

»o:fi:ttir ^  ^  point^whrr^;?!^- 

The  fishing  is  done  to  a  lai^e  extent  in  a  verv  Drimitivn  «iftn„n, 

SLt"^«7L'  '^V*  A*  '"'^S,  each  boS  SXSKS 
toHi^  4."  mast  that  can  be  used  when  the  CTfeSofc 
tooitoB»   The  fiahermen  depend  to  a  lai^e  extent  upon  °he 

TiM  iM^  ^  anangements  for  drawing  in  the  rone  attftHho,?  tlfo 
net  nu&ea  Uiis  maiE  varv  anvnni  T>«rt;^.i=>i   •    ^  aitacned  to  the 

when  ihe  distance  toXlalSg  JfotiSs  ^ 
55««JU7  to  pay  ont  tha  Una  a^^wt  ^e  ne  i'r^consfderd' 

canning  Mtabhshments  are  not  operated  reeularlv  eron  An^„ 
sewon    Crabs  caught  in  this  sect^weighTto  32  JZ^S 
At  Taisa,  a  town  of  about  4,800  inhlbitante  in  X  (wl;  «t 

2,000158868  of  48  cans  each  per  annum.   The  work  Am.  b  tiii  naS 


OAirHn>-a<KHBe  tbadb  or  xoa  tab  xabs 


fishing  village  ia  typcal  tJnit  dome  along  the  western  coast.  The 
crabs  aw  brought  in  during  the  nicht  by  the  fishermen  and  are 
detivered  in  the  early  mommg  to  the  canning  houses.  Only  the 
lanrest  crabs  are  utilized  for  canning,  the  smaller  crabs  and  the  sheU 
and  waste  portion  of  the  larger  crabs  being  dried  for  fertilizers.  Crabs 
taken  from  great  depths  do  not  Hve  long.  They  have  no  power  in 
their  claws  and  the  shell  is  brittle  and  can  be  easily  broken  with  the 
filler  nail.  As  a  result,  the  majority  of  the  crabs  are  more  nearly 
dead  than  alive  when  they  reach  the  canning  estabUshments.  Live 
crabs  are  known  by  a  certain  bubbUng  at  the  mouth,  for  the  1^  Me 
absolutely  limp  and  show  no  signs  of  Ufe.  If  not  boiled  immediately 
the  flesh  in  the  legs  becomes  watery,  and  the  experiment  station  m 
recommending  that  pots  be  taken  on  board  the  fishing  boats  m^hich 
to  cook  the  crabs  as  soon  as  they  are  taken  firom  the  water.  This  w 
done  on  the  station's  steam  launch,  upon  which  stadents  are  taught. 

The  canning  factories  found  in  Taisa  are  anuJl,  oocupymg,  as  is 
customary  in  the  majority  of  Japanese  caonenes,  a  portion  of  the 
owner's  dwelling  or  being  attached  directly  thereto.  The  space 
occupied  by  such,  a  factory  is  about  60  by  30  feet  and  is  kept  fairly 
clean.  The  Japanese  are  usually  very  clean  about  their  houses  and 
persons,  so  that  cleanliness  is  the  rule  in  the  canning  house,  which  is 
m  reality  a  part  of  the  dwelling.  In  one  or  two  of  these  factories  there 
was  a  cement  floor,  but  dirt  floors  are  found  in  the  others.  The 
equipment  is  meager.  In  the  largest  factories  there  is  a  steam  kettle 
of  Japanese  make,  but  in  the  smaller  plants  there  is  only  a  large  caul- 
dron covered  with  a  huge  wooden  tub  to  assist  in  the  generation  of 
steam.  The  students  of  the  Kyoto  Fisheries  Institute  are  in  the  habit 
of  gauging  the  temperature  of  the  processing  by  the  pressure  from  the 
steam  kettle  as  indicated  in  pounds  on  the  steam  gauge,  as  it  is  usual 
to  connect  the  pipe  for  the  steam  pressure  gauge  at  the  side  of  these 
open  cauldrons  with  the  wooden  tub  placed  over  the  top  ^  a  means 
of  generating  the  steam.  It  can  be  seen  that  the  method  of  deter- 
mining the  temperature  with  this  crude  equipment  is  none  too  whable. 

Crabs  are  first  placed  in  the  large  kettle  about  one-foorai  filled 
with  water  and  boded  40  to  60  minutes.  They  are  ih«i  taJraa  ouli 
and  women  and  girls  remove  the  shdk  and  strip  the  meat  from  the 
claws,  legs,  and  body  with  knives  about  6  inches  lone  by  2J  mdies 
wide.  ¥nm  20  to  40  women  and  giris  are  employed  m  these  fac- 
tories, ranging  from  16  years  of  age  upwards.  They  receive  on  an 
avenge  15  cents  per  day  of  10  hours  and  3  cents  extra  an  hour  for 
overdme.  The  mora  efficient  men  are  hired  by  the  month  and  receive 
17.60  to  $10  gold  per  month  and  board.   They  are  occupied  in  making 

cans  in  the  off-seasons.  n  •  .    i     j  •  v 

After  the  meat  has  been  removed  from  the  shells  it  is  placed  m  the 
cans,  each  can  beuag  weighed  to  see  that  the  proper  amount  has  been 
put  in  it.  On  an  average  one  crab  wiU  fill  from  li  to  2  cans  each. 
The  tops  are  then  put  on  the  cans  and  they  are  placed  in  the  kettle 
for  one  hour  at  a  pressure  of  3  to  5  pounds  of  steam  (222°  to  228°  F.), 
or  as  nearly  as  tnat  can  be  maintained  with  the  crude  equipment. 
The  cans  are  then  taken  out,  and  after  being  vented  and  resoldered 
are  once  more  placed  in  the  kettle,  remaining  there  for  1  hour  and  20 
minutes  at  4  pounds  pressure  of  steam  (225°  F.). 


60 


<iunm-Qooi)B  xB*n  nr  xn  vib  un. 


in  ^  l&r  *  bSt  the  uro*f^.t>f *  ™»*  P«*  ^  ««»  J^^^^^d 
general  Inqukv  waT^o  ^,  'J^T^^S'  P^P^'  ^  *^  i^teSior  is 
tomhfe  with&e^^U,e  crah  ^^^'i^""  Imd  been  mudi 
stated  that  four  ve^J«  ^  JI  section,  and  it  was 

this  h«l  bLn"  S?^eX  fh.r  n7'^/°'lf'''*'^"»'»'«  but  tlJS 

which  is  in  n^tT^^luJolotZJ^  "^^^^  "Skakusan," 

of  3  n.om.KMroielZ'LPH  V"'"  ''^"^  t'^*'  proportion 
One  of  the  Taisa  f^S  .J^wfc  ^'""'",'"6  to  no  momme  cans. 

Quarts)  of  watT  1  to  rt^ToS^lkf  "^"""^-^  3  sho  (4.764 

fcWS  pound)  of^  if  TW  J.^°if  "^K-'"         '^".'^  20  momme 
mommi^cans  and 3mommeL?mS2tli*^  """V^*     "^"^l  80- 
that  in  the  island  of^aS^^^tlJuSS'  ¥ 
to  prevent  the  blacSHf  rt^f?^       ^  a  preservative 

Ibrfidden  by  tle'SH^thl  tef'HoSdrwtn"  ^ 
proportion  of  the  crabs  are  canned    The  «5K?#L!IIT-**** 
iMSely  through  Kobe,  the  price  bein^  M  M  ^^"^  ^  •"/'^'^^ 
monane  (0.66  pound)  cans  inH  «fi  iq  L*^*^  P«  ewe  of  80- 

P«nnd)  cans.  Wi.^  «  cLTto  ."^ 

&UMON  INDUSTltY. 

iJ^e^eSr^  KaSte  ^  ^'^^opod  within  the 
&  M^5n£?t£^t^JS±!^^^  Sa'^'^li"'  «nd  in  the 
into  two  classesrS.lhr;^£?XSf  bv  th^  '^'^''^^^ 

on  the  idand  of  Kyu.shu^nd  Da  Nagasaki 
territory  in  China.  Si  Auch  S-e  morl  or  le^^l  suotori^Jnr,**^ 

^Zh^  P"^  to  observe  ^"Cl 

of  the  fishery  hSlitaS7fa1^o^5"i'£«^^      *  g^^"^*^ 
who  was  int^erested  ^  set^  &h^S  ^r^' 
in  Slubetsu  and  Bekkai,  ^e^^^m^SM^^A^^  facton^ 
kter  Idzumi  Shozo  also  starf^!i?*NSS  £2Sk£f 
three  canners  were  the  onlv  nmdm^M  fnr;^ 


OAWOTD-OOODS  IBAin  OT  XH»  »AB  aAST, 


^mnlovees  as  well  as  among  tlie  gMiwal  consumers  at  points  not 
dk&1n^r««*^ast  wTd  as  a^ult  the.  number  of  cannmg 
TacS  to  Hokkaido,  the  Kuril  Islands,  and  m  Japanese  Sakhalin 
llV^^Ln^addSto.  whUe  some  of  the  canners  of  Japan(^e  crabs 
wSn  thrpa^fanTof  salmon  and  white  trout^  in  addition  to 
melt    '.^le  West  proportion  of  the  pack  of  fish  in  these  Japa- 
S2  Horiee  hL  b^n  white  trout,  however,  and  as  there  has  been 
^J^dSTcomplaint  about  the  irregularity  of  the  quahty  and 
^  C  wSned  thereby,  the  Hokkaido  local  government  has 
^mtly  ta^"?  the  subject  and  allowed  only  the  facton«.  to 
Ste  that  comply  with  certain  regulations  and  bave  »^««»* 
^"ment.    In  tllis  way  it  is  hoped  to  f««t  greater  unrf^t^ 
mial  tv  and  to  maintain  a  better  reputation  for  tiieprodiM5t.  lto 
^der  and  larger  of  these  factories  have  adopted  eome  Amencaa  . 
machines  o  modem  type,  but  the  smaUer  and  newer  plants  have 
r.un  with  irZfficient  etc.,  in  some  cases  the  only  eqmp- 

mlnt  belli  "training  gained' in  the  fisheries  espermient  station 

""The  foUowing  table  shows  the  approximate  output  in  1«12  of  the 
cann«8  of  Japanese  white  trout  and  sahnon  in  Hokfcaido  and  adj  acent 
a^r(wiVthe  exception  of  730  cases  of  red  salmon  packed  by 
Kuroye  Koyato,  at  H&odato,  the  output  is  white  trout): 


Canners. 


Fujino  Shirobei  

Nemuro  Kanzumo  Kaisha  

Usugori  Katsusaburo  

AoiiodaSholcai  

Marusan-gumL  

Kamoshlge  Shoten  •  -  ■ 

Itsutsuboshi  Kanzumo  Kaisba 

Nakanobu  Kinosuke  

Idsumi  Shozo  

Shimazaki  Shoten.. 
Aoyama  Shoten... •••«•.....• 
SLosUsihi  Sboten.. 


Location. 


Nemuro... 

...do  

...do  

Hakodate. 
Nemuro... 

...do  

...do...... 

« •  sdio*  • « •  •  • 

...do  

...do  

...do  

...do  


Cases. 


30,000 
10,124 
8,562 
5,000 
3,550 
3, 100 
3,000 
2,067 
1,488 
1,305 
1,000 
970 


Canners. 


Kuroye  K^yata.-... 

Uosbjno  Sh 'ten  

Osumi  Shoten  

Mikami  Shiten  

Kyodo  Sh  )kai  

Iparashi  Kyuzabiiro. 
Yamamoto  Sh  >ten. . 

Hara  Shoten  

Okamoto  Shoten. . . . 


Total. 


Hakodato. 
Nemuro... 
...do  


.do. 

..do. 
..do. 
..do. 
..do. 
..do. 


'Hie  f oMowing  figures  stow  the  approximate  1912  output  of  manu- 
facturers on  i£  aand  of  Sakhalin,  all  of  whom  are  Japanese:  Aka- 
saka  Ichisaburo,  at  Aomori,  6,000  cases  of  white  trout;  Sasano  Yei- 
Sd^i,  Tnakodate,  3,000  cases  of  white  trou|;  Oguma  Ko^^^^^^ 
at  Hakodate,  620  cases  of  white  trout;  Fukui  Jujiro,  at  Hakoda^^^^ 
500  cases  of  white  trout.  The  output  of  canned  crab  meat  wa^  about 
6,000  or  7,000  cases,  so  that  the  total  output  of  the  cannen^  was 
about  17,000  cases  (810,000  to  820,000  pounds  ,  valued  at  ^42,500. 

FoUowinff  is  the  1912  output  of  the  manufacturers  ^A^!^^ 
and  Niffiefsk:  Denbigh  /co.,  l^«t^^^*^« 
53,000  cases,  of  which  35,000  were  red  satoon  10,000 
and  8,000  white  trout;  Nippon  Shokuslun  Ksisha,  with  headquar^ 
at  Tokyo,  8,200  cases  of  red  salmon;  Tsuteuim  Sh^^^^^  head- 
quarter at  Niigata,  6,200  cases  of  red  sabnon;  Minald  & 
headquarters  a^VUiU^tok,  5,000  cases  of  red  salmon;  Sakai  Sadsr 
kichi?  with  headquarters  at  Hakodate,  2,400  eases  of  red  saW: 
Takaiiashi  SukeaSichi,  with  headquarters  at  Niigata,    ,700  ca^^^^ 
red  sahnon:  Hakama  Shin-ichiro,  with  headquarters  at  Isiigata,  700 
cases  of  red  salmon;  Nakanobu  Kinosuhe,  Ogawa  Gomei  Kaiaha,  and 


62 


OAHXD^OOOOS  XBAIM  at  SSB  MB  MtBS. 


2l£S5*il^'l,S^7^ ^1'^"^^^^^^  Hakodate,  800  c«e8 of  «d 
Umm     ^  *^  (3,744,000  pounds),  yfimdS, 

VlSi^^SS  L^-'  *"  ^,°|!o-R"««'an  firm,  with  he«Unii»t« 
MlmT^^  ^^t"  ^  at  Kamchatka,  started  thepSSS 

already  describe?  ^ESt  ^,  k"""      Japanese  factories 

plant  mth  modem  mSSL  £1^  ^  invested  to  start  the 
plant  indiwibwiTdrtSS  telnt'*"'^"^"*        ^^^^  ^'^^  the 

-  ine  product  put  out  by  Denbigh  &  Co  is  attrarUrr^  ir,  „ 
md  has  aoparenUy  been  satisfaJtoi?  t^'^^  Z  tZ^ 
shipped,  although  in  qual^  it  is  ^fhanTSfJ^J?  ?u  ^^^"^ 
sahnon.    Of  that  exoortol  to  BWlES^P^  Wfenor  to  the  American 
Italy  and  othr«,unS^  ^  reexported  to 

of  ^ISZt'^jL^w'S'lfea^fc  ^Jfe^tft^*  ^'it  n-^^y 
an  abund^  of  ml  sSon  a^i  Kamchatka,  where  they  can  find 
the  mm  of  these  Japanese  factories  and  nrohflhl v  iVo  I  ^y^™**- 

»*X  JT^^"  1  Co.  planned  to  increase  thpir  iqiq 

PMSIL  impmg  to  produce  100,000  cases  during  the  soiTnn    11 J  ^ 

AmeriSm  machiniiry  and^^^S  S  i.n  nnn^"'^  purchasing 
Thft  f  Atftl  n.«^J^^     1  •'^P^^^g  about  $50,000  in  improvemenf? 
ine  total  exports  were  laig^r  in  1912  than  in  iQi  i  h„f  ft^  t 
manufacturers  with  the  smMiir^W^  .    .  ^  Japanese 

Quotations  early  in  the  year  for  Kamchatka  ssbnnn  »».  .v„  , 
$8.25  per  case  of  48  one-pound  (flatrca^i^^  fhTr? 
tmut  averaged  about  SS-SO^er  caTe  o  48Tn™d  cJ^'"??^^*! 
output  of  red  salmon  and  Japanese  white  txS?f^?n  u 
mra^aseof  about  30  per  cent  oveM  Oir  Of  fT^^  1912  showed  ao 
the  bug^  pmportio^n  hrLT s  ^  'to  E^ltf^f  P^***' 
The  portions  of  the  Japanese  packliot  di^Ss^     ^  ^ 

''T  *°  J^P«"     have  C  been  dkJSS 

oi.    Ibe  white  trout  of  Japan  and  Sakhalin  trnp«  m^<.iil  *  '''IPOsed 

•*Tti^^*^.'^-*^«^  bv  the  JapatseTavy  ""^y 
ine  cost  of  salmon  m  Kamchatka  is  said  to  ho  oK^„t  c 
fish    The  estimated  cost  of  pack^  i  i  follows  ner  c^-  M°„f 

i^U>k'Z('X'£^S'J^:^^^  'ihettTaf 
cost  per  case  is  thus  $3.12.       """^f^y  usea.    ine  total  average 

"I^,**  •^*P*"  4-S  wmte  to  5  cents  e«rh 

and  the  estunated  cost  of  manufacture  ner  easAh  t9on    ?  ?  ?  l ' 

rate  from  Hakodate  to  England  of  37i  ^n^r  <S;^  b±''^K^ 

tamed  by  one  firm.    The  Ixport  of  tWs  JapaS^^tot.^^^'*" 

Bot  seem  to  be  mcreasing,  altllough  the  home^cSSSfnJC 


CANNED-GOODS  TBADB  W  1OT  FA«  BUOP. 


58 


Awnoralideaof  the  Japanese  canneries  maybe  had  from  a  descrip- 
tion ^one  or  two  typical  factories.    In  the  city  of  Hiroshima,  m 
Sle  southom  part  of  the  main  island  of  J apan,  are  located  23  cannen^, 
a  vaSety  of  products.    The  f oUowing  price  hst  will  indicate 
aSe^Scipal  pw^ucts  offered  by  one  of  the  largest  of  these  factories. 


Articles. 


VXAfS. 

Bofled  beef: 

Special  (misujinl),  round  can. 
Vo.  1  (yamatomi),  round  can. 
No.  2  (yamatomi),  round  can. 
Mirror  orand,  printed  tin..... 
Mirror  brand,  No.  2,  printed 

tin  ■  • 

Dragon-ny  brand  

Dragon-Fly  bmd,  l-poona 

can  -- 

Dragon-Fly  brand.  H»i"»d 

can  

Military  style,  40-mommecan. 

Baked  beef,  flat  can  

Beef  with  mushrooms : 

Bound can  

Round  oan,  (-pound  

Oiicken:  ^  , 

Special  (yamatomi),  round 
can  

Round  can  

Fork  (yamatomi),  round  can. . . . . 


FISH. 

Boe  of  tai,  round  can  

Boiled  salmon,  flat  can  

SMSoned  tunny  fish: 

Best,  round  can  

Round  can  

Seasoned  bonito   — 

SeeaonedhfliTiDg: 

Best  

Second  

Cuttlefish  

Small  octopus ,  round  c  an  

Pulverized  tunny,  40-mommecan. 
Seasoned  kaie  (goblns).  squarocan 
Baked  ed: 

MMaoiBme  can.   

4(V-moniine  can.  

If arine  eel  -  --  --  --  --  --  --  --  •-  ■■* 

Seasoned  urume  (kind  of  sardine) 
Seasoned  samma  (mackerel  piiie) . 
Fataboni: 

Kg.  1,  in  caddy  

Mi.  %  in  caddy  


Dozen 
cans  to 
case. 


4 
4 
f 
« 

4 
4 


8 
8 
& 

4 
8 


4 

10 

6 


Baked  torigae  (cardum): 
Flat  can  


6 
0 
6 


5 
8 


Price 
per 
case. 


$6.25 
4.90 
4.40 
4.15 

3.90 
3.40 

3.75 

4.00 
3.60 
6.25 

4.00 
4.25 


6.00 
5.60 
4.25 


X75 
3.2S 

3.50 
3.15 
3.50 

3. 40 
2.75 
3.00 
3.00 
3.  OS 

7.85 
8.00 
1.60 
2.69 
2.50 


90 
40 


5.50 
5.75 


Aitides. 


SBsmm— «oi^iniied. 

iSeasoned  torigae ,  round  MH 
Boiled  oysters  (kaki): 

Square  can.....  

Bound  can  . .  -  -  — 

Boiled  abalone  (awibi),  noiid  can 

Seasoned  sasae...  -  

Bofled  scallop  (hotategai),  flatcaa. 

Seasoned  akagae  

Clams  

Boiled  shrimp  (ebi): 

Flat  can  —  


Flat  can  

Boiled  crab: 
Flat  can  

Flat  can  

Boiled  hokkigori. 


Dozen 
cam  to 
case. 


PICKLES. 

FnkuUnxake  (mixed  vegetable): 

Ko.  1,  round  can.  

No.  2,  foond  can  

No.  3,  round  can  

§-pound  can  

Seaweed  (nori  tsukudani): 

Round  can  

1- poondcan  

Melo^  lees  (wikasimki)   • 

Leaf  cayenne  pepper  (togonslu) . . 

Boiled  bamboo  shoots  (teknioko), 

3-pound  round  can.  

Boiled  mushrooms: 

Matsutako  

Shimeji  

Boiled  fuki: 

3-pound  can  

2-  pound  can  

Boiled  lotus  roots  (hasu),  3-pound 

can  -  

Otafukumame  (beans), round  can. 

FKUTTS. 

Mandarins,  roimd can... ......... 

Pears,  round  can   , . . 

Peaches,  No.  2,  round  can  ... 

Pineapple,  2-pound  roimd  can ... . 


8 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 

4 
4 

4 
4 
4 


4 
4 
4 

10 
4 

ID 
4 
4 


n 

4 
4 

2i 
4 

2J 
4 


4 

4 
4 

3 


The  combined  output  of  the  23  factwies  was  stated  to  be  only 
1,000  cases  per  month.  During  the  htmy  season  the  number  of  em- 
piovees  <rf  both  sexes  ranges  from  60  to  100  in  the  largest  of  these 
faetories.  Tlie  factory  buildings  are.  not  large  and  rarely  consist 
of  mm  than  two  or  three  wooden  structures,  each  about  3U  leet 
square.  The  first  of  these  is  generaUy  used  as  a  preparation  room, 
another  as  a  processing  room,  and  usually  a  third  as  a  can-makii^ 
department.  The  equipment  for  the  preparation  of  various  products 
is  meager  and  of  the  most  simple  character,  yet  weU  kept  and  clean. 


little  atteetifiii  hm  htk^n  frixr^^ 

«»e  pocMri^bXopeSd  wT^"™  establish mente.  H 

brttU  <rfG2^*^J,P^^i^'^^^  used.   A  few  cloeed 

JaiwneBe  manafaotan.  No  exhauTfi^^f  a  .^^onty  are  of 
be  found  in  Japan,^awti^S^"  i™f *yP«  *« 

in  the  open  kettles  to  ^^a^^J^^^^.^'^      'mmersion  in 

these  kettles  is  that  the  ttimnL^i«^-  *5*"«s.    One  pecuharity  of 
of  the  dial  on  the  stim  g^^Ked  ^d^frr 7^  '"^''"^ 
processing  is  ,lone  at  so         JSs  nZLll?'"'''  ^  '"^^^ 
for  example,  correspondins  to  23r»  P  pounds  pressure, 

respondii^g  to  240°  F  ,,npL.-*"^*  ®  P?^<1^  pressure  cor- 

terWning^the  temperat  Je  J^f ^TiS.  Method  of  de- 

tested isTapparent  ^  «  ««»«  not  eaiefuUy 

«rf.l*^Cwne.^t^of1rs^^^^^  the  greater  p.rt 

ybinee  for  body  cutting,  cu^Se  flan^nc;  band-operated  ma- 

Most  <rf  the  machinwf  k^^'r.  ^  *^«»  ^wble  seamine. 

models.   In  S^TSif  f2toSL       manufacture  on  old 
method  ot  Bold^^&T&*':"f  ''y.  '''^  band 

been  cut  oat  andireD««id  i  '^ter  the  tin  has 

these  machines^  SroSdhwiKZt'r'"**^"'^  machines.  Moat  of 
small  factories  of  ^"'^'^  prmcipally  in  the  very 

spSr^.^dS^tiSir'**^  P^*"  """•d  ^  tbese  factories  merit 

KCIIQUATB. 

The  kumquat  is  a  small  citrus  fruit        In>»».  a 

makes  a  very  satisfactorv  product  M  n^JrvT?  "  "^m«£'ca  and 

tray.  After  bemg  sorted  waaht^A  iwi  P"»'«»^  nwiTwed  at  the  fac- 
off,  they  are  thrown Tto  ,^  onen  k^ttl^  ^'/k",*^"'"^  sterns  picked 
frait  seims  soft-from  3  tTs  Tnut^    -nf  ^t*^  tbe 

~^4inch«mheightand  2f  inX"t  diam^^^^  Pb««d  in 

(0.45  pound)  «rf  this  fruit  are  placed  in  ea^Han  ^fhlt"**"™? 
to  witiim  one^ialf  inch  of  iha  t^r^     ♦iT  ,    .  ^  ^  siruped 

ing  to  the  filwdn^forite  •  ^         *^  ^ 

abSr  sTin^^^tllToVU^  ^ 
mereed  again  for  one  or  two'minnS  vented,  resealed,  im- 

finally  iiiTmei^ed  in  I  KfS^to    '        P'*^^  ^^fle.'  and 

MUSHB0OM8. 

i*iis"i"Lr;i^ror%i?et[=^^^^ 

«  gathered  under  the'  pin^  i^;^."^TeTtdk  k  ^A;,Lr2 1^^^^ 


ounnnxKMiDS  xbasb  nr  thb  fab  hasi. 


55 


dismeter  and  th«  eap  about  6  inches.  Only  those  not  fuUy  fa*"^^^ 
Seused.  Those  wSned  at  Hiroshima  come  largely  from  the  Tamba 
district  in  the  southwestern  section  of  the  mam  island  of  Japan,  and 
must  be  deUvered  to  the  cannery  on  the  day  they  are  gathered 

The  first  operation  is  to  peel  off  the  skin  from  the  cap  and  stalk. 
After  grading  into  three  sizes,  they  are  boded  in  an  open  kettle  ior 
30  minutes  at  212°  F.,  after  which  they  are  placed  m  .a  vessdof  fresh 
cold  water,  where  they  are  aUowed  to  remain  otot  nigjit.  J^ey 
then  placed  in  the  ca^  and  the  cans  are  ^^^"^^^S^^^^ 
in  the  closed  process  kettle  and  cooked  at  22|»  F.  for  20  mmutes, 
when  the  temperature  is  raised  235.5°  F.  «nd  .the  proc^ing^ 
tinued  for  40  liiinut^s,  after  which  the  cans  are  immediately  vented, 
resoldered,  and  allowed  to  cool  witiiout  farther  proeeesmg. 

IfXAT,  PEAS,  OHBSTMOTB. 

Meat,  with  soy  sauce,  called  "yamatomi,"  is  processed  first  for 
50  minutes  at  228°  F.  in  the  closed  process  kettle  and  then  vented, 
mealed,  and  again  processed  for  one  hour  at  235^5  F.  ^  ,  , 
^^Tare  pro^essel  for  40  minutes  at  228°  F.  They  are  not  cooled 
in  cold  water  after  processing.  _ ,  , 

Chestnuts  of  the  large  Japanese  vanetv  are  cann^  °XJ^Z^ 
of  the  Hiroshima  factories.  One  estabhshment  packs  1,500  cases 
of  4  dozen  cans  each.  They  are  culUyated  Ittfgely  m  the  Tamba 
district  near  1  firoshima.  They  are  packed  m  l-poulid  cans  abnost 
exclusively.  Chestnuts  cost  20  8«i  pw  aho  (6.3  cents  per  quart) 
deUvered  at  the  factory.  At  the  factory;  the  bulb  are  removed  by 
hand  and  the  meate  are  placed  m  large  kettles  of  waraa  water  the 
temperature  of  ^ich  is  raised  to  the  boihng  point.  The  boiUng  is 
aUowed  to  contanue  for  30  minutes,  after  which  the  water  is  drained 
off  and  the  meats  are  then  steeped  overnight  in  shghtly  warm  30 
ner  cent  sugar  sirup.  In  the  morning  they  are  placed  m  the  cans, 
wvered  wifli  a  3.5  per  cent  sugar  sirup  closed  and  processed  for 
30  minutes  at  228°  F.,  vented,  sealed,  and  reprocessed  for  40  minutes 
at  228°  F  A  large  proportion  of  the  canned  chestnuts  are  labeled 
with  paper  labels,  altfiough  there  are  some  put  up  in  cans  with  labeb 
Ethopi^hed  on  the  tins.  The  best  quahty  retail  at  12i  cents  per 
Gfm. 

BAMBOO  SHOOTS. 

The  bamboo  shoots  canned  vary  from  3  to  6  inches  in  diameter, 
the  smaller  ones  being  of  better  quality.  One  concern  stated  that 
it  packed  700,000  cans  annually.  At  the  factory  the  shoots  are 
wadied  and  boiled  for  30  minutes  m  an  open  kettle.  The  outer 
leaves,  or  sheaths,  are  then  removed  until  the  tender  mner  seotion 
erf  the  sprout  is  reached.  These  are  sorted  as  to  size  and  quahty, 
out  into  proper  sizes,  and  placed  in  cans  Water  is  poure(  into  the 
cans  to  within  an  inch  of  the  top,  and  the  cans  are  then  closed  and 
placed  in  the  closed  process  kettle  and  heated  at  235.5  b .  for  50 
minutes  to  one  hour.  They  are  then  vented,  resoldered,  and  once 
more  placed  in  the  closed  process  kettle  at  the  same  temperat^ 
for  20  minutes,  after  which  they  are  cooled  in  cold  water.  Ihe 
woody  texture  and  lack  of  flavor  of  this  eastern  vegetable  are  not 
relished  by  the  majority  of  foreigners  who  try  it,  yet  among  the 
Orientals  it  is  highly  favored. 


56 


€AKiniH}0€ID6  THABB  IH  THE  FAB  BAST. 


SHBIMP,  PBAWNB,  AND  LOB8TBB. 

Cnistaceams  abound  in  the  Japan  Sea,  along  the  coast  of  GboMn 
(llOTea)  and  down  the  China  coast  into  the  Guff  of  ChihJi. 

I  he  lobster  m  Paknurus  japonicus,  in  reality  a  large  crawfish. 
1  ^Ik^"^  -1*^^  Korean  coast,  and  ranges  from  1 2  to  1 8  inches  in 
length  with  antennae  of  about  the  same  length.  The  average 
we^ht  IS  130  momme  (1 .07  pounds).  Lobstere  are  sold  for  2  to  3  sea 
U  to  If  cents)  each. 

^^^^  ^^"^^P  extends  from  April  to  August 
and  ^hme  m  ft  ahOTt  season  during  October  and  November.  Thev 
«re  caafibt  at  a  depth  of  6  t«>  10  feet  in  trawl  nets  having  a  spread 
of  10  feet  with  a  mesli  of  }  inch.  They  are  caught  at  night 
only,  probably  beeaiise  the  wateiB  sUHomiding  Japan  are  so  clear 
that  objects  on  the  floor  of  the  sea  imWttHSm  whUst  are  as  clearlv 
visible  as  they  would  be  in  3  or  4  f eT^fSLJ  e]b^4S&^ 
can  not  be  caught  on  moonlight  nights.  ^ 
Immediately  after  deUvery  to  fihe  canneries,  they  are  bmled  tor 
10  namutes  in  an  open  kettle  of  plain  water  without  the  addilkm  ol 
salt.  After  blanching  they  are  passed  to  the  tables  wh^  women 
remove  tlie  heads  and  shells  and  other  women  pack  the  pi^nared 
shnmp  in  cans.  At  the  best  factories,  the  shrimp  or  prawim  are 
mclosed  in  a  thin  cotton  bag,  which  is  placed  in  a  can  lacquered  on 

lined  with  parchment  paper.  All  of  these  precau- 
laons  are  taken  to  avoid  the  blackening  of  the  food  in  the  can  This 
discoloration  is  supposed  to  be  caused  by  the  phosphorus  contained 
m  the  shnmp^  and  although  it  does  not  actuallv  injure  the  product 
It  does  make  it  unsalable.  All  of  the  shrimp  aAd  prawns  canned  in 
Japan  are  dry-packed;  that  is,  packed  without  the  addition  of  salt 

'^f^.*^*  ^  tops  with  double- 

seanuM  apnaratns  ftted  with  rubber  ring  gasketS^.  the  cans  are 
placed  m  closed  process  kettles  and  piocemd  at  230.6°  F  for  90 
minutes.  The  cans  are  then  Tented,  reseafed,  and  again  processed 
at  the  same  temperature  for  30  minutes.  After  th?  processing  is 
complete  the  cans  are  cooled  in  tanks  of  odd  water.  , 

TIADB  IN  FOSBIGN  GANNBD  CMKMia 

The  imports  of  American  canned  foods  into  Japan  can  be  placed  in 
two  classes^ndensed  milk  and  canned  foods  of  all  otlier  descrip- 

toii  O^^r^^dXlTS^I'^         ^^^^  ^^/^^      ^^^2  amounted 

and  1407,703  wortii  were  from  England.   The  imports  of  canned 

mn*^f  i^f'.^JJt  ^^^^  asfoUows:  Vegetables  and  fruit, 
538,010,  of  which  $14,  227  came  from  the  United  States,  $12  797  from 

i^m'i  !5  t'i^iJlT  England;  canned  meat,  fowl,  U,  etc., 
517,032,  of  which  $6,496  came  from  FNmoe  and  $2,299  from  Ger- 
many. 

Statistics  of  exports  from  Japan  to  the  United  States  show  that 
even  mcludmg  the  large  item  of  condensed  milk  the  United  States  m 
not  selling  a  niuch  larger  quantity  of  canned  goods  to  Japan  ihan  it  m 
buying  from  that  country.       "  ^  y  w-aiiw 


^^"UL      -.-^  ^An^  Tisr  TM  FAB  EAST.  67 

Oommsioe: 


Abaione  

Cnb  mflftt  .  •«•••••• 

In  ou. .  ••••••••• 

OtibflT.  •«...•••>* 
Hash  

Vegetables  -•• 

other  canned  goods. 


Total  ex- 
ported. 

Exported 
to  United 
States. 

$160,790 

$13,351 

mm 

7,190 

209,524 
76,549 

156,583 
92,023 

43,939 
41,040 
51,192 
19,886 

1,395,009 

1  588,711 

H  the  exports  of  crab  meat  to  the  J^aJfeT^i^^^^^ 
densed  milt  from  the  I'^^it^f^^.^^^Xcte  ^ov  by 

ance  in  favor  of  Japanese  ^anne^l  product,  x™^^ 
the  fact  that  there  are  many  "ore  JapaMse  condensed 
Sans  and  Americans  m  Japan    With^W^t'"  ^^.^^ 
Uk  it  is  evident  that  the  »?P9^^,™^'X^^all  foreign  population. 

States  into  Japan  '''je        P-'Sak  of^SorOc^^^ 

These  foreigners  mclude  officiabrf janoi^  uo  ^^^^^^ 

dem^d  resultmg  from  any  inf  ?ase  m  loreig    f  ^ 

handled  through  the  present  d^tnbutors^  ^^n^ed  foods  in  Jajan,  it 

siderablo  increase  in  the  sale  of  ^mencan  cannea  r 

mlt  be  to  the  J^W**! tTe  jlpanesJ  cln  be  accomjlishedly  only 
of  American  canned  foods  to  the  Japanese  can  ^  ^ 

a  most  careful.  c«np«gn    j^S^^^^J'^^^"^^^^^^  the  conditioaa 

S.%rk]SrKe5nTa!C  Ju^^  in  "J^J^^ 
anese-American  Relations  :  ,^^,5^^  of  the  foreigner 

The  primary  and  perhaps  moat  ^'<>y^^^^^ ^^Zs^heAer  Japanese  or 
and  Japanese  of  each  oth«  s  l"f^'?^^conte  with  ekch  other  on  busine» 
fordgn,  could  not,  except  m  the  ww^  in^ncej,  comer  erally  Chinese,  as 

Sffi  director  id  were  «»X^lenwS?offi  tL  c^™i^ 
interpreters.   The  one  aim  ?i^f^'^^\^^^°^r^  of  China,  90  that  it  was  but 
done  through  their  office^  J"'*  '°  S|  dwelSpment  of  trade.   The  on^y  alter- 

natural  that  they  should  be  *?  J^p  foreigner  or  the  Japanese,  should  learn 

naUve  that  one  of  the  parti^,  fXeeds  and  in  this  respect  it  would  seem  thrt 
the  other',  language,  ,ttade  customs  and  "i^'^'J^^^^  ^  do  aw»y  with  the  middle- 
the  Japanese  have  taken  the  injtj^i'Y?.-  ^XXrlsS^  in  Japan  in  so  far  as  many 
man  was  extended  to.the  ''SJ."!?"*^^,™"^ X  r^^^^^  and  exporters  andnot 

of  them  were  rimply  i-t^'^^'^'^^^.'^^L^^  or  no  experiw^^ghul 

between  the  producers  and  consumers.    1  ney  j^i^ge,  at  faragB  tnd» 

trade  and  usually  lacked  capital  u  weU,  oui  in  lae  i.™—  — » 
they  could  get  along  nicely. 


58 


aunm>-Q00M  auam  a  mm  vab  kast. 


thl«  f^l-^t       ""^""fS  »  Mcessary  to  ratlbe  that 

fact  sevSZa?tT'\?.,'^*P*"      "Konte  for  all  Srte  ofg^™" 

HiH  in  J,.,  *  i  n  •  Z  *PP'y  SO  largely  at  present  as  it 
merc^te  lacked  capital  and  for  th  s  reason  were  obliffeH  to  limit 

vafeTP'T'*;         "^t"--*!  outcome  Zn  attempt  tiTe 
a  luge  variety  of  products  with  a  very  meaner  forrp  nf  rnlyTC^.ttll 

effortB  wwe  directed  onlv  to  snnnlv-in^  tf!     I     i  ? 

.„„  iJn'^      ""'y     .fVPPv"ig  the  natural  demand,  and 

SThiA'^A^^J'fi.P*''''^^'*  was  confined  to  those  produTte 
Dmfite^Th^lL^"*  favorable  prospects  and  attractive 

2£^he^fd^^^rilwVl'1'''^"'i  commission  mer- 
STmanlrfw^J^^^  method,  and  from  the  standpoint  of 

tne  muiuiacturer  no  more  eooiumiical  meUiod  of  making  a  hpffinnino. 
could  be  found,  but  the  eooda  imimImI  tTkl  „  u  ^  beginn  ng 
wniiU  Qoii  rT  Brp™  Meoea  to  IM  of  a  character  which 

would  seU  readily.   Canned  foods         mdy  readv  seUers  to  th« 
hmited  amount  required  by  the  foreknm  in^uLn    tt,«  -.^T 
excention  has  been^conden^  mUk,  ^^e  which  thl 

article  has  found  sale  amon^  the  Japanese  the^^  fa  wSv  of 
study,  and  will  be  treated  further  mi  in  this  r^rt  TnTSi?  ♦i 
arouse  the  interest  of  the  commission  m^di^rwm^iSSjiS 
canned-goods  manufacturers  have  made  sole-a™^ti«^^ 
certMn  commission  merchants  for  the  whole  of  JaoS  anH^H«^J- 

^moi^'^r'L'f-  ^r*"^        commission  Si 

^Z  XL       r'*'  .h'^^       proved  of  much 

vaiue  so  far  as  the  general  line  of  canned  goods  is  concerned  Tn 

^,^«T4k    1  ^  carried  on.      ^  ^ 

lUinng  the  last  few  years  a  certain  amount  of  direct  dealin<r 
between  purely  Japanese  firms  and  American  cannpd  fnnH  .^rl  ^ 
'fctrK  tlm?  to  a  certiOn  ^I'^^^.T^^^^^ 
nesa  of  the  commission  men.   There  are  a  number  of  jZ^ri^L 
wholesale  and  retail  merchants  who  are  endc^voS  more  anl  r^o^e 
to  ehmmate  the  foreign  commission  men  of  Yoko&Td  and 
with  some  success,    fn  the  larger  cities  there  are  tobe  found 
American  and  Japanese  groceries  that  can^KcanS^ 
The  most  of  these  are  in  Yokohama,  To^o,  anrE>bS  andtt 
these  stated  that  their  business  was  confined  n^stlfto  tSrforeiim 
element  m  Japan,  with  a  small  amount  ^oin-  to  the  upper  claV^ 
Japanese.    Afl  of  these  merchants  agreed  that  the  hith  co^  oSiim 

h^ft^J^^.  t  ''^^^^  ^""^      '^'^     ^he  cost  of 

m^Zp^mt:^'  contrasted  with  the  cost  of  the 


^^AMiratl-HlKlilft  XftAHS  tM  TMM  MABi  BASt 


Articles. 


CONDKNSED  MILK. 

Nwtle's: 

Tin  • 

Dozen  tins  

Tin  

DoMntim  

Ctmation  cream: 

Tin  

Dozen  tins  

Small  tin  

Docen  small  tins  

Bmt  brand  (unsweetened  milk): 

Liter  tin  — 

Dozen  liter  tins  

Ho-o  (Japanese),  per  ]tin  


Price. 


to.  13 

1.55 


FISH. 

Anehovifls:  ^  , 

In  oil  (French),  long  bottle.  

In  salt  (French),  long  bottle  

Paste  (Ei«lish),  4-ounoegl«ss — 
Bssence  (English)— 

Small  bottle  

Medium  bottle  ........ 

CiYiar:       ^  ^      .  ^ 
Unpressed  (American) — 

J-pound  tin  ---- 

i-pound  tin  

J-pound  tin  

Stlmon — 

Americani  4-ounce  tin........ 

En^iah,4-oiinoe  glass  

RoatfttDf  4*001100  tin. 
Herring:  , 
With  tomato  sauce,  flat  oval  tin. 

Kippered,  flat  oval  tin  

Lobster: 

Potted  (Bn^b)i  4-ounce  glass. . 

CorM  (Bi«lfdi)»  small  tin  

Salmon:  .  ^, 

Red  (Alaska),  1-poond  tin  

Boiled,  Impound  tki.  

Sardines: 

In  oil  (French)— 

Small  tin  " 

Iffldinmtin...  

I>arge  tin  ............... 

In  ofl  (Japanese)— 

Medium  tin  

Large  tin  


FRXnt  AND  FEUIT  PEODUCTS. 

White  cherries:  ^  ^, 

Rose  brand  (American),2J-nomid  tin 

Our  Flag  brand  (American)  

Cutting  brand  (American)  

Getz  brand  (American)  

Japanese,  2 J-pound  tin  

Peaches: 

SUmw  brand,  2H>ound  tin.  

Our  Flag  brand.  

Cutting  brand . . ||||||b>.  

Geti  Best  brandJi|lR..  

Japaaaaa,  ^^^oona  tin  

Pears:  .  ^, 

Rose  brand,  2H;>oand  tin  

Our  Flag  brana  

Cutting  brand  • 

Gets  Best  brand  

Apricots: 

Rose  brand,  2i-pound  tin  

Our  Flag  brand  • 

Cutting  brand  

Getr  Best  brand  

Pineapple^^ 

^"^V^oleTli-pound  tin  

Whole,  2-plound  tin  

Whole,  2Jrponnd  tin. 
Gobii»»p«iiBd  titt.. ........... 


1 


16| 
J5 


.13 
1.65 
.07 
.80 

.131 
1.50 
.121 


.67} 
.50 

.ao 

.17* 
.371 


.45 
.871 
1.50 

.85 
2.00 
1.25 

.22} 
.30 

.20 
.37} 

.22} 
.11} 


.22} 

.30 

.50 

.10 
.17} 


.m 

.32} 
.40 
•42} 
.25 

.22} 
.30 
.35 
.40 
.17} 

.22  J 
.32} 
.35 
.42h 

.22} 
.'30 
.35 
.40 

.22} 
.17} 

.19 
.24 
.39 
.SB 


Articles. 


Jam: 

Strawijieny  and  apcloot  (En^lab), 
l-poimd  tin  ----  

Pineapple  (English),  l-pou^d  tin.. . . 

Orange  marmalade  (BnsUsn).  i- 
pound  tin  -  •  - .  -  -  - -  - — 

Soawberry,  orange,  and  fig  (Japa- 
nese), 1-poimd  tin. — '"•••:\ — 

Apirieot  and  strawberry  (French). . . 
Ai»pl»  batter  (Anarican),  per  tin  


MEAT  Aim  mux  noniwis. 

Potted  meats:  ^  ^  ^  

Ham,  chidran,  and  toogoo  (Enff* 

lish),  i-pound  tin.........  

Ham  and  beef  (American),  }-poand 

tin  

Turkey  and  chicken  (American),  J- 

pound  tin  

Sausage: 

Franldarter,  1-pound  tin  

Vienna,  1-pound  tin  

Vienna,  with  tomato  sauce,  }-pound 

tin  

Oxford  (English)—  - 

Small  tin  

Large  tin — -  

ICaincer  (Gkrman): 

4  pieces,  per  tin  

8  pieces,  per  tin  

Lebervviirst  (German),  per  tin  

Zungenwurst  (German),  per  tin  

Sardel]«n4dtMfvarai  (<Mnn^ 
tin  

**°f^ch  (English),  1-pound  tin  

Sheep  (English),  l-pound  tfa  

Lamb  (Bni^Uab)»  l-poond  tin..... ..^ 

l}-poundtm  

2-pound  tin  

Bacon:  , 
Sliced,  cooked  (English),  1-pound 

tin  -• 

Sliced,  uncooked  (English),  }-pound 

tin  -V 

Beef  extract  ( A  merican),  small  jar  

Bovril  (English  extract): 

a^mnce  bottle  

4-ouTice  bottle  

g^nce  bottle  -  

Hash: 

Corned  heef— 

}-pouiKl  tin  

1-pound  tin  

Roast  leef—  _ 

}-poundtin  

1-pound  tin  -  

Dried  beef,  chipped,  i-pound  tin  

Corned  beef,  1-pound  tin.  

Brawn  (English),  1-pound  tm  

Hamburger  steak  with  onions: 

^poundtin  

Boneless  turkey  (American),  }-pound 

tin  •- V  

Curried  fowl  (English),  i-pound  tin. . . . 


Pcioa. 


SOXTPS,  SATICBS,  WtC 

Assorted  soups  (English),  1-pound  tin 
A88ortedsocq^(Anierican  firm),  1-pouna 

tin  V" 

Tomato  soup  (another  American  firm), 

1-pound  tin  

"  Hurrah  "  VeeM»a  cubes: 

Box  of  12  

Box  of  25..... 

BOZCf  SO.....*******-*******"*'***** 


.24 
.27} 

.171 
.271 
.19 
.JM  , 
.20 

.m 

.'311 


.ao 

.17} 

.22} 
.50 


60 


mn,  BAUCIS,  mm-^miikm^ 
Ti«olioa»,^   

^j«fy  iMB^iiw  till..:::::; 

EnglMi^iiimboltte.,.,,   

'TOIMHI.. ........... 

Dottie  

Amaiatn  sour  pickles,  li^junce 
oottie  

American  chow-chow,  i4^uiice  bot- 
tle  

Americao  India  nlish.'  ii^moe  i)ot>' 
tie. ..,.«.,.... 

'vaanABLEs. 

AtHaiokes  (Frandi},  1-pound  tin. 
Ajparagus: 

American,  2^pound  tin . 
V^vncli 

l-poond  tin  

3N?o«wItiii..,  ...."II 


10.221 

.0&-.O7I 
•  fiO 
.t5 

.ao 
.an 

.45 

.40-vl7| 


Articles. 


I  BcanJS^™''*^^^^WI|l|P'^ 
I      Baked  (American)— 

I  Small  tin  

I  Large  tin  ......"I 

Pork  and  beaiuh^ 

1- pound  tin  

2- pound  tin  

|^,2.poundtin  , 

String,  1-pound  tin  , 

Succotash,  2-pound  tin   . 

Haricot  vert  (French),  No.  1  

^    Flageolet  (French),  No.  1  

Cauliflower  (French),  No.  1  

Cetoy  (French),  No.  1   

Mushrooms  (FimtUk 

i-bottle..  

No.  1  bottle  

Choice,  No.  1  tin  

Peas  (French): 

Medium,  1-pound  tin.  

Small,  1-pound^  I.  Ill"  I 

Small,  ^poundtln  IIIIII 

Very  small,  1-pound  tin  IHH 

Extra  small,  1-pound  tin  

Sugar  corn  (American),  2-pound  tin.III 

Tomatoes  (American),  2'.-pound  tin  


Price. 


,W 

.10 
.19 

.19 

.27J 

.25 

.26 

.21 

.17J-.20 
.30  -.^ 

.12J-.17J 
.20 
.14 

.25 
.30 
.19 
.17i-.20 


MARKET  FOB  CONI>£NSfiD  MUJL 


^^^^ii^i^^^.l^'^^'^  ^^^^  populations  have 

^^.!?^  mcretsed  without  one  of  the  articles  of  diet  that  to 
^rS^  iwi  llteimlwy  food-milk.    There  is  practical^ 

no  productm  of  milk  m  dUier  of  ihese  countries,  the  oKudd^^ 
fei"^!^         ^^^^  ^  ^«  form  of'"^^^^^ 

k  nn^'un^  *f  w  ^       no  mak  is  produced  in  Japan-there 

IS  no  land  that  can  be  spared  foF  cattk  nLmr.   Why  the  Chinese 

fcri^rrf  ^thout  milk  is  morni^ult  to^  ^SeSE 

Ihere  are  large  sections  of  China  too  highly  cultivated  wStS^ 
densely  populated  to  aUow  the  pasturage  of  cattle  auKhWk 
these  sections  the  water  buffalos'^are  kept  as  draft  aSk^buTK 
ruriTer"'         "^'""^  ^  raising'SJSd^^i^^ 

es^Sv^Sf  itenlf'  ^t-'^.^.^t^nsively  in  the  northern  Provinces, 
S^M;  tS/  12^^  ^"""^  in  Manchuria,  but,  strangely  enough,  not 
t^dZA.^^  T7      ^  explanation  in  the  fise^^ 

St  aT^t  f^t  !l  .  ^tery^h,  and  another  in  the  fact 

^d^ol^  the  hst  of 

Ai-*  mmnM.  uAu^nmp  DO  mvoiaea.    I'or  exanmle  main  wAfpr 

hTlS^Slw'^r.Sr'  "^.^^  '^^'^^^'^  wa^te^,  tie  he 
««L.rt^  *  that  disastrons  resalts  are  certain  to  foUow.  Conse- 
wntljr  he  takes  fajs  waUit  eithw  hot  or,  more  commonly  in  the  f 

L^'Sii^?**?  ^^^\r^  or  mfflT  A  Lpoffe  part 

♦Lir  *  ^7P'»«'»*  of  pom  of  aU  houses  and  ofBms:  m  fact  ^e 
teapot  IS  found  even  on  the  boats  of  the  fiahSBnenT^'  ' 

Senas' teW,iS^ 


OjUO[SI>-OOCID8  SBADS  Dff  IHS  FAB  BAffS, 


in  western  nations;  in  fact,  it  is  not  unusual  to  H^J^ 
the  third  or  fourth  year.  From  that  age  on  through  hfe  the  Jap- 
anese have  been  accustomed  for  centuries  to  live 

The  Chinese  have  a  somewhat  different  attitude  toward  cbw"^ 
for  to  them  the  boys  alone  are  important-  the  P™/^^^^^ 
received,  or,  in  some  sections,  freouently  disi^ 
Mothers  thus  deprived  of  their  girl  baW  ^L^S^S 
in  other  families  where  needed.,  Lar^e  ^^^^^^^"^^ 
all  over  China  and  there  is  a  Mgh  pf «nt  inortali^.  ^  .^t**®^^* 
is  made  that  in  Hongkong|M  tje  English  authonUc»  have 
endeavored  to  keep  stalstic8,'l|||||  children  m  a  thousand  sumve 

*^^^i2^iis  done  without  milk  for  centuries  it  would  seem  a 
difficultmattw  to  induce  the  Chinese  and  Japanese  to  use  condensed 
miik.  but  when  the  foreigners  began  to  import  it  for  their  own  use 
SSTproduct  seemed  to  appeal  at  once  to  the  Japanese  and  also  to 
the  Chinese,  although  apparently  not  to  the  same  extent,  ihis  may 
be  accounted  for  by  the  fact  that  the  Chmese  have  not  changed  so 
rapidly  as  have  the  Japanese  since  their  contact  with  western  nations. 
Condensed  milk  has  \>ecome  an  important  a.rticle  of  export  from 
America  to  these  two  countries,  and  while  it  is  astomshmg  How  m 
back  into  the  country  it  has  penetrated,  largely  on  ite  OTO  ineilli 
and  with  only  a  trifling  amount  of  advertasmg,  the  field  oouW  m 
developed  to  a  much  greater  degree  if  ad^ialty  nwnaged  on  Amen^ 
lines  and  unquestionably  (especially  in  China,  wiwje  the  mwjet  has 
only  been  ''scratched")  offera  attractive  retnms  for  such  efforts. 

Sales  are  made  through  representatives  cmp  CMnnMssion  ag^ts  of 
recognized  standing,  either  European  or  American,  who  have  opened 
offices  m  some  laige  distributmg  center.   In  most  c^^  these  farms 
have  not  been  Am^an  and  they  have  usually  handled  all  kinds  of 
European  and  American  manufactures  from  the  aggregate  com- 
missi^ on  which  thev  have  made  comfortable  incomes.    As  niost 
of  these  firms  have  started  with  very  large  capital,  naturally  they 
are  mterested  principaUv  in  the  most  profitable  articles  or  the  articles 
in  greatest  demand  no  matter  what  the  country  of  origin.    Ihey  can 
not  be  expected  to  show  any  special  desire  to  push  the  sale  of  American 
goods  in  preference  to  others;  in  fact,  the  American  system  of  seUing 
for  cash,  often  f .  o.  b.  New  York  or  San  Francisco,  has  discouraged 
any  attempts  to  handle  great  quantities  unle^ there  was  to  be  a 
correspondmgly  greater  percentage  of  profit. ,  'Hiis  system  m«es  it 
necessary  for  the  agents  to  use  theu-  own  capital  or  their  erecm  witn 
the  banking  houses,  whereas  the  European  houses  often  aflmt  them 
through  hberal  terms  and  long  credit.   As  a  pfflffectlynatural  result 
these  houses  frequently  prefOTed  to  posh  Eoropean  goods,  although 
thev  gladly  handled  American  articles  for  which  there  was  a  natur^ 
demand  on  American  terms.   Such  a  d«nand  exists  for  condensed 
milk  which  is  used  by  foreigners  and  natives  alike.    America  seemed 
bett^  equipped  to  furnish  this  article  at  the  outset  than  any  other 
oountrv,  and  consequmitly  the  business  was  for  the  greater  part 
American.    In  some  cases  the  representatives  have  been  allowed  a 
small  advertising  fund  by  the  American  manufacturer,  but  in  the 
hands  of  a  firm  with  a  comparatively  small  organization  occupied 
in  selling  many  different  characters  of  goods,  such  funds  have  not 
resulted  in  systematic  advertising  of  any  great  value  m  introducmg 


6fi 


OAHKED-GOOOS  XBABB  IS  IHB  VAS  it*ffT. 


a  pract^iDy  new  article  to  people  unfamiUar  with  its  merits.  The 
^K^ii'  K  existing  commission  agents  in  foreign  countries  has 
pobabJy  been  the  easiest  and  safest  way  to  develop  the  trade  in  the 
be^imng,  beowse  midi  firms  or  representatives  were  on  the  ground, 
were  ra  teraA  with  customers,  and  usually  paid  cash,  but  if  there  i^ 
to  be  any  further  devdopment  of  this  business,  or  even  the  retention 
^lltr4  to  bJ^tT"  •         comprehensive  plan 

CONCLUSION. 

On  account  of  the  protective  tariff  imposed  by  iman  on  canned 
foods  from  foreign  countnes,  the  low  cost  of  food  in  Japan  and  the 
character  of  the  food  demanded,  this  market  does  not  at  present  offer 
very  attractive  possibihties  for  the  sale  of  Amwican  canned  foods  in 
increasing  quantities.  The  OTowth  of  the  business  in  condensed  milk 
m  eFapan  warrants  the  behef  that  there  might  be  a  chance  for  other 
products,  possibly  cakes,  crackers,  American  cereals,  or  other  foods 
suited  to  the  Japanese  meals.  Smaller  packages  for  the  Japanese 
would  undoubtedly  be  more  popular,  and  some  information  m 
.fapanese  characters  on  the  label  should  facilitate  the  sale  in  the  more 
remote  sections,  although  this  is  not  so  important  as  in  China  No 
ham  would  he  done  by  the  use  of  such  labels,  however,  in  addition 
to  the  ongmal  label.  Wyapiiers  with  receipts  for  cooki4  printed  in 
Japanese  diaractero  might  possibly  he  helpful.  ^ 
Am  adv^ising  canapaign  by  an  Individual  packer  would  probably 

11L#  il^    k  study  of  the  products  that 

might  be  pushed  and  of  the  Ameiican  ideas  in  advertising  that  could 
he  adapted  to  Japanese  conditions  will  suffice,  and  if  the  combined 
efforts  of  several  mannfactureis  of  such  artictos  could  be  joined  in 
exploitmg  such  goods  the  effort  mii^t  be  justified.  The  mults  of 
the  camnaign  started  by  the  Anglo-Swiss  Milk  Co.  by  the  estftUish. 
ment  of  branch  offices  in  Japan  ndB  be  interesting  in  Uiis  connection. 


INTRODUCTION. 


Judging  from  the  followiM  statistics  of  exports  of  canned  foods  from 
the  United  States  to  Siam,  the  market  is  not  one  of  great  possibilities, 
and  yet  the  busmees  m  canned  goods  is  much  greater  thwi  American 
exports  mdicate: 


Canned  salmon  

Canned  fish,  other  than  salmon  or  shei]fi^ 

Oyatere   

Canned  fruits.....   ,  

All  other  preserved  mvmptmA  fluU  

Canned  beef  

Cioaiidporl:  

All  o^er  canned  meat  prodiwte. . .','.'.'.'.'.'.1" 

Condensed  milk  

Canned  vcjgetables  '.  '.  l.  .  . 

All  other,  including  pickles  and  sauces.  .  .  .  l  ' 


I9W 


3 


la  m 
m 


m 

6 

2.464 

15 


190» 


tl,02S 
1 


6S6 

m 


100 
623 


nt 

4 

5 


155 


480 
905 
399 


mi 


SI47 


1,043 
01 
ITS 
627 
224 

2,371 
356 
907 


ins 


85S 
313 


635 
1,615 
704 
901 


1013 


u 

483 
230 


1,323 
507 
481 
iW 


1914 


too 

19 


631 
OM 
030 

m 


ouurmio-GOODS  tbade  in  thb  wmm  bast.  68 

As  many  merchants,  particularly  the  Chinese  purchase  goo^^ 
Singapore,  the  foregoing  table  does  not  show  aU  t^e  in^rte  from 
the  United  States,  particularly  m  the  case  of  canned  a^n*^- 

The  supphes  of  canned  foods  are  furnished  largely  by  European 
manufacturers,  and  the  greater  proporUMi  is  wld  m  ^^^^^^ 
capital  and  principal  city,  having  630,()(W  inhj^itante,  where 
ticallv  all  of  the  Weigners  in  Sam  reside.  The  wealthy  class  of 
SiamiBse  and  also  a  large  number  of  Chinese  "St.Ti^' pJ^^T  S 
gt)wing^quantities.   There  are  approximately  200,000  Chmese  m 

G^is'are  purchased  by  large  unporting  houses  dealing  in  every 
chwacter  of  commodities,  and  these  firms  are  German,  l^^nglish,  or 
Danish,  Siam  bemg  the  only  far  eastern  country  where  the  Danes 
exert  any  great  mfluence.    A  large  Danish  company  (the  East 
Asiatic  Co.)  operates  a  Ime  of  vessels  between  Siam  and  Denmark 
and  owns  andoperates  the  largest  wholesale  and  retad  department 
store  in  Bangkok.    The  supply  of  groceries  carried  by  this  hoi^e 
Talmost  entirely  of  European  origm,  and  only  those  American 
products  r.ro  in  evidence  that  are  manufactured  by  firms  who  have 
sent  representatives  from  America  to  ftabksh  agencies  m^^^^ 
East    The  Enghsh  and  other  European  firms  that  control  ttoa  marKej 
for  canned  foods  regularly  send  traveling  sj^esmen  to 
hold  the  trade.    One  of  the  representatives  of  an  Bnrfirii  ^m  stot^ 
that  he  had  made  this  far  eastern  tnp  annually  for  the  last  10  years. 

The  Alio  lo  Swiss  Condensed  Milk  Co.  has  practicdly  absolute 
control  of  tiiis  market,  and  with  an  agent  oti  the, ground  is  mtrench- 
ing  itself  securely.  A  large  amount  of  advertising  is  m  evidence  all  of 
the  street-car  liies  of  Bangkok  carrying  signs  adi^ertismg  the  Milk- 

maid  Brand."  .       a  •  i«      •  u^,^ 

An  encouraging  sign  of  American  progress  in  certain  lines  is  shown 
by  a  typewriter  Mmpany  that  has  built  up  a  large  busing  by  manu- 
SctuSm»cWD«  ''itt  Siamese  characters.  Although  Enghsh  la 
eenena^  spoken  and  read  among  the  higher  classes,  it  is  necessary 
to  use  the  native  languages  to  reach  the  masses  in  Siam. 

In  the  case  of  canned  foods,  no  large  market  is  likely  to  be  devel- 
oped outside  of  Bangkok  itself.  In  order  to  obtain  a  larger  propor- 
tion of  the  business  tSere  and  to  increase  the  use  of  canned  foods  from 
the  United  States,  the  representatives  of  American  firn^  wUl  be 
obUged  to  visit  this  section  periodically.  The  possible  f^}^  f  ^J 
particular  products  at  present  would  hardly  justify  ttie  top  to  S»m 
klone,  but  if  there  were  a  representative  in  Singapore  l«r  a  number  01 
canned-food  manufacturers  of  different  ImM,  hA  could  covot  aU  off 
the  countries  for  which  Singapore  is  a  dfttnbutang  base. 

That  the  Siamese  recognize  the  value  ol  cannfld  foods  may  be 
mf erred  by  the  establishment  of  a  factory  for  caniung  SiameBe  frmto 
in  Bangkok.  A  description  of  this  factory  has  been  given  m  tia 
report  on  canned  puieapples  (Spedal  Agoats  Series,  No,  91). 

^  factory  is  probaUy  Oie  first  to  attempt  the  canning  of  the 
mango,  papaya,  Jai*  fmt,  durian,  dbampoo,  and  some  other  pimdy 
troplai  frJdto.  Jams,  diutaeys,  and  other  preparations  have  been 
manufactured  in  India  and  at  other  pmnts,  but  the  succms  attained 
in  m»ely  canning  sudi  fruits  as  the  mango  and  papaya  ^lU  probably 
opm  iMMder  &Ma  for  libase  froitB,  whiA  we  too  penshabte  to  ship 


in  the  fresli  siftle.  The  canned  papaya  in  particular  should  meet 

with  success. 

THE  PAPAYA  AND  ITS  USES. 

•  %  papaya,  or  papaw,  tree  has  always  been  a  favorite 

^reaWMt  dish  with  trayelers  in  tropical  r^ons,  genendly  as  much 
for  lis  digestive  qualities  as  for  its  lusciousness.  It  contains  a  diges- 
tive ferment,  papam,  which  has  long  been  known  favorably  as  an 
alternate  to  oepsin.  Among  orientals,  particularly  in  southern 
India  and  Ceylon,  the  digestive  qualities  of  the  papaya  are  so  well 
known  that  the  fruit  is  ahnost  universally  used,  and  undoubtedly 
with  great  effect,  m  preventing  dyspepsia.  There  are  several  varie- 
ties of  Canca  papaya,  and  the  papian  varies  accordingly.  The 
Bangkok  Canning  Co.  makes  a  specialty  of  two  kinds  of  canned 
papaya—npe  with  sirup,  like  ordinary  canned  fruits,  and  green,  as  a 
vegetable,  like  vegetable  marrow,  in  and  J  pound  tins.  Papain  is 
also  manufactured  by  this  company. 

pie  dBpstive  and  disintcCTating  property  of  papain  are  remark- 
aMe.  Tm  milk  and  even  fihe  fresh  leaves  of  the  papaya  tree  will 
render  the  toughest  beef  tmder  in  two  hours.  Native  cooks  inva- 
riably wrap  tough  raw  beef  with  ihe  fresh  leaves  for  half  an  hour  or 
api)ly  a  small  quantitv  of  the  fresh  milk  directly  to  its  surface  or  put 
a  piece  of  tibe  mm  fruit  into  the  raw  curry  whm  the  beef  will  not 
bod  soft.  B  alarge  quantity  of  the  juice  is  apphed  to  the  raw  berf, 
It  reduces  It  m  a  httle  over  half  an  hour  to  a  pulpy  mass  that  appeare 
as  if  It  had  undergone  partial  digestion.  Papain  is  said  to  be  capable 
of  digestmg  ten  to  twelve  times  its  weight  of  egg  albumen  at  the 
temperature  of  the  human  body.  There  are  many  other  uses  for 
papain.  It  acts  gently  but  effectively  upon  the  hver  and  bowels  and 
"^^^n   1  remove  freckles.    It  is  frequently  used  by  the  natives 

of  Ceylon  as  a  soap.  From  its  power  to  remove  stains  m  clothes 
papam  is  called  "melon  bleach"  by  the  Singhalese,  and  they  use  it  in 
the  waterwhen  washing  colored  clothes,  especially  black,  which  it  seems 
to  mt^siiy.  In  the  W  est  Indies  it  is  used  as  a  cosmetic,  and  is  said 
to  produce  clear  sating  complexions. 

The  milk  or  juice  of  the  fruit  is  dried  by  the  Bangkok  Canning  Co 
by  their  own  process,  and  put  up  in  1-ounce  and  1-pound  bottles. 

SmMIB  SBmJEMENm 

QfTBODlTCnON. 

file  importance  of  the  English  colony  of  the  Straits  Settlements  is 
out  of  ail  proportion  to  its  lize.  These  settlements  are  principallv 
small  areas  Oft  or  adjacent  to  the  Malay  Peninsula  and  the  Straits  of 
Malakka.  The  total  area  is  only  1,600  square  miles  and  the  popula- 
Um  m  1911  was  714|069,  conaposed  largely  of  Chinese  f rom  Amov 
Swatow,  and  other  southern  Uhina  portB. 

The  Straite  SetHemmtB,  of  which  Bingapore,  on  the  smaU  island  of 
Singapore,  at  the  southern  extremity  of  tibe  Malay  Peninsula  is  the 
capital  and  principal  port,  derive  their  importance  not  only  from  their 
location  on  the  chief  thoroughfare  for  through  oriental  traffic-  the 
B^icaits  of  Malakka  -  but  also  from  the  fact  that  the  Federated  Malay 
Slates  and  other  independent  Miday  Slatea  are  niidAr  the  BiitkA 
qihere  ol  influence  ana  proteetioa. 


CA]iii»H3oo!»  mmm  im  tm  i'ae  bast. 


65 


Th»  chief  exports  are  gutta  percha,  gambier  pepper,  ^^la  mbber, 
^oSct^.  roices,  copra,  rattans,  tm,  and  preserved  Pi^^eapplo. 

are'rice,  ci;tton,  piece  goods,  opium,  petroW,  and 

^^ThP  imnorts  of  canned  foods  are  not  relatively  large,  and  the  only 
reSfy  Sorlr/ American  product  of  ^^^^inimipor^^ 
sahnon  as  mav  be  judged  from  the  followmg  table,  which  oont^ 
Sst^is  of  Tx  Jorts  Lm  the  United  States  to  the  Stwita  SettleiiieiitB 

Commerce: 


Aftides. 


OMmed  salmon  

OtiMT  canned  fish  •  

Ovsters  

All  other  shellnan.  - 

Flavoring  extracts  and  fruit  Juices  

Canned  fruits  -  -  •  •  • -   "  •  r%-  

Fruits— all  otlwt  pwaema  or  prepana  

Canned  beef  v-m*  

An  otiier  canned  matt  pcodnett.  

Condensed  milk  

SnSeJI^^g^i^'taaUdfa^'^^ 
and  sauces.  


1908 

1909 

1910 

19U 

1912 

1913 

1»14 

$43,109 

160,806 

•78,285 
110 

$104,031 
74 

167,317 
15 
18 

|U6»908 

'99 
14 
8 

980,998 

fn 

98 
906 

88 
«1 

15,912 
544 

8,715 
.  1,308 
7,173 
3,907 

806 

•  •<■•<■••• 

•••••••• 

98 
10,888 
6 

8,873 
236 
4,719 

i,ia8 

4,040 

 7i' 

12,827 
17 
6,519 
3,702 
2,180 
4,198 

m 

i52 
14,213 

 i?' 

96,797 
145 
2,084 
2,832 
1,897 
7,991 

9,089 

"'i9,'797' 
190 
210 
6,570 
1,883 
6,437 

8,886 

83.883 
408 

46 
4,330 
1,603 
15,296 

3,081 

3,979 
415 
1,472 
4,871 

1,468 

CANNED  SALMON. 


The  explanation  of  the  demand  for  American  canned  salmon  is  as 
follows-  Of  late  rears  there  has  been  a  boom  m  rubber  p  anting  on 
the  Malay  ptniiS"  Singapore  is  the  chief  city  and  Sistnbutmg 
ofks  section,  and  when  the  question  is  P'^* t^^Caifs 
of  Singapore  as  to  why  canned  salmon  is  imported  mto  the  htra  ts 
&,ttte£ient8  in  such  quantities,  the  answer  mvanably  is:    The  Chi- 
nesecoolies  on  the  rubber  estates."    This  is  a  most  important  point 
i^nnection  with"  the  development  of  a  market  for  canned  goods  in 
China:  it  warrants  the  cooperation  of  every  packer  in  the  salmon 
Ktry  inthe  United  States.    Here  is  a  canned  food  that  appeals 
to  the  taste  of  the  Chinese  cooUe-  the  laborer  and  the  POorly  p«d 
laborer  at  that^and  the  statistics  of  American  imports  do  tell 
the  entire  story,  as  heavy  imports  of  canned  sahnon  are  made  from 
England    Unfortunately,  the  official  statistics  do  not  separate  cannod 
salmon  from  other  fish  producte  but  the  preeraoe  of  "^«^^f  «™g 
English  labels  of  large  Liverpool  and  London  finnfl  proves  that  Eng- 
knl  has  a  share  in  the  traSe.   Undoubtedly  aome  of  this  EngbsTi 
salmon  came  originally  from  Amencan  cannenes  on  t^e  Pacific  coast, 
Xough  the  priSe  Mate  of  the  leading  retail  houses  of  t^e  Straite  Set- 
tlements do  not  mention  American  canned  salmon    ^I'r^  Ji^JSh 
brands  are  of  the  better  grades  usuaUy  and  seU  for  34  to  40  cents  gold 
per  l-ponnd  etm  and  19.8  cents  gold  per  half-pound  can. 

The  iante  consamption  of  canned  sahnon  by  the  Chinese  cooU^ 
on  the  rubber  estates  is  a  matter  of  more  than  passmg  interest. 
These  coolies  come  in  large  numbers  from  Amoy,  Swatow,  and  other 
parts  of  soutiiem  China,  as  they  are  considered  reliable  for  the  work 
of  clearing  land  for  new  rubber  plantations  and  tor  the  cultivation 
of  tlw  yrang  trees  after  planting.   This  class  of  labor  is  most  saba- 


factory  throughout  tropical  ooontriw,  M  the  Chinaman  is  a  capable 

iTbor  Th«  rh^"'  «»tt««;.'?«l«'r  what  condition  he  i^obujed  to 
labor.   The  Chinese  also  w<M^  in  the  tin  mims  in  the  l&lav  StatM 

-uflf'i^T^*^  fa«t  that  the  cooBe  class  of  Chinese  has 

Aovm  a  natural  liking  and  thereby  created  an  unsoUcited  damwd 
for  canned  salmon,  mcLcates  that  if  the  natives  of  the  great  Sd 
T^aZ  China  could  be  made  acquainted  with  caiSed  sSmSn 
^J^T^  would  undoubtedly  extend  to  such  points.  AmoyaSd 
Sbv^J™'"^*"*'^*''^ "r"'-^'  "™fg.'-*t«       to 'which  theypiriX 

5^  J^*.***"  ™P»>-ts  of  canned  salmon  are  greater  at  HongW 
Ae  Astnbutang  port  for  those  cities,  than  for  tSe  rest  of  01,^1^1 

&SftS  Rj£^'^"]f*'"?  "'i^^y  ^°rk  in  Singapore 

T^^n  wT^^  "^'^  can  not  be  so  great  as  it  would  be  otherwis^ 
norfoH.S%Zf^P*r  '^^^^  be  inweased  at  these  points,  it7o« 
China  fZ  ^J^t'  ^5;*"^  «f  will  ^.preald  throughout 

l/hina  fromthm,  for  they  are  not  connected  bv  rail  with  thn  ha^t 
ccmntry.  The  onlv  p«c^l  plan  of  infaSdu^^  ^ImS  i^to  the 
mtenor  of  China  isV  an  oream'zed  campaign,  aoTif  this  is  n^bcted 
too  long  the  Japanese  and  KamohatlSr^pa''  rf  eaimM  mav 
capture  the  market  permanenUy.  ""imm  may 

That  American  salmon  packers  should  cooperate  more  thorouehlv 

fhit  nnl';i^ff}^'*  "f^^?     P"««-   Station  was  Suel 

this  competition  among  American  exporters  by  a  numbw  of  the 

Sffih^H^^^^Kf  rP^n^'^  '"^  Singapore.   6ne  im^rter  ftaSd 
^       ^^^'^       *^  "^"^^  *  much  larger  profit  by  taking  ^vm- 
S^™t  U*"^^''^'*H''r*^i'""!-   The'busine^  of  th! 

SlT^^  ^^IJ'^'f  t'^^  ^lisl^  ^''cept  for  those 

tiennan  firaia  that  have  branch  oflBces  in  Singapore    With  thn 

loooa  an  Uttto  mown.   As  the  Straits  Sett  ements  is  an  EnWish 

^^J^^-^'l^*^  other  indepeXt 

fhlVlwt^'T^V'^.T''*''^''^!^  influence  it  is  only  natural 
^  ^ose  brands  of  Enghsh  canned  goods  familiar  at  honie  should 

«f*T^  »*  «Sfi  retail  houses  pracTcally  all 

tL™k^    stock  bear  the  name  of  E.  Morton,  Cross^^A  B  SeU 

fCfcfi^ti^^^q-  ^n-l^TS  ^5?"^.  Represents 
irom  these  tans  visit  Smmpore  and  other  Far  Eastern  points  re^i 

larly  to  make  salw.   The  Wh,  on  account  of  dirwt  Ai?Sg  fS 

Ues  afforded  by  the  lines  from  the  Nethorianda  to  jVva^S^at^ 

^  made  some  headway  in  placing  canned  meate  and  condensed 

TRADE  IN  casnmsBx^S 

forjSTS^S."'  ^  ^  ^  *^<» 

aJ5^Si*r^  i^'^T  ™?°'"t^  condensed  milk  into  the 
^^^^ij^*^??  "i^*^?  incidentally  reveals  the  miimportant 
JM^yed  by  the  Amencan  article  (Straits  Settlemente  dollar  - 


OAHHXD-OOCnW  WBK  tS  THE  FAB  BAST. 


67 


V/OUUUlOS  Ul  W  Iftllit 

• 

Singapore. 

Penang. 

C9M6t« 

Value, 
S.S.difl- 
lars. 

Value, 
S.  S.  dol- 
lars. 

CaMs. 

Value, 
8.8.dal> 
tan. 

Biltisl)  Empire: 

7,100 

m 

920 

280 
1,060 
188 
13,320 
16,805 
155,705 
24,271 
14,775 

248 
100 

42,833 

T,350 
5,000 
8,251 

1,400 
7,400 
1,024 
94,564 
109,262 
1,380,839 
128,717 
85^025 

1,434 
500 

2,368 

13,454 

265 

2^4S 

Hongkong  

•••••••••• 

•••••••••• 

••■•««*••• 

Europe: 

2,431 

i6,338 
20 

18,018 
76,224 
9,972 
1,465 

121,572 
705,108 
51,693 
8,225 

Germany  

United  States:  ^ 

The  distribution  of  the  reexporte  of  <»ndensed  milk  from  Singapore 
and  Penang  in  1912  is  shoTO  m  the  toUe  that  foUows. 


Banpoilato— 

fxom  Singapore. 

Value, 

Gases. 

Value, 
B.S.dol- 
hn. 

BmMK 

1,904 
1,761 
480 

5,010 
2,192 
676 
9,271 
3,507 
10,695 
10,638 

18,513 
17,8% 
2,838 

48,969 
19,860 
6,062 
90,887 
33,762 
106,647 
100,896 

•••••••••• 

• • 

Malay  Peoinsida: 

Kelantan  

Tttnssantt.  

Ij^Silwibllaa.....-.  -     

34,772 
5,183 
1,120 

711 

330,891 
47,020 
10^001 

7,410 

Perak  •  

Belangor  

Kedah  

noleh  East  IndiaB: 

38 
85 
2,301 
708 
115 
58 
1,381 
1,000 

2,446 
46 

4,757 
6,772 
685 

350 
888 
23,484 
6,883 
1,076 
695 
14,299 
11,110 

23,002 

475 
49,070 
40,754 
6,758 

Holukkas  

•  •  •  •  «  ■mmmmum 

.  Natunas...  

•  •  •  *a>*Wiw«i  >• 

Bomatra — 

•••••••••• 

•  •  •      •  •  •  •  * 

1.  . ••••••• 

East  coast  of  Slam  * 

J  3»'0M 

•1,157 

Wi0t  coast  of  Siam  

The  large  sales  of  condensed  milk  from  the  north  of  Italy  are  inter- 
«S  Wowing  what  opportunities  there  -^^e  X^^/"!.  ^ 
wh«^  Endish  influence  is  strong.  The  campaign  of  the  Ai^io- 
ft^(We^ed  Milk  Co.  in  Singapore  has  been  pushed  energetically, 

l^t  tew  years  and  the  foregoing  figures  aroTikely  to 
iSTS^dSabk  cK  before  long.  This  company  ^  m^ 
STj^S^tjacto  with  ae  retail  mer«Wt8  provxdmg  for  Ihe  ewto- 


68 


OANKBD-OOODB  taum  IS  TBU  VAB  »UU. 


sive  handling  of  the  Anglo-Swiss  brands  of  milk,   Bpedii  diaoonate 

DIRECT  REPRESENTATION. 

«  cf'*^^?^**^  not  expect  to  develop 

tt^tJ^^  SetUementB  without  an  American  represent 

atire  on  ttie  groimd  to  puah  the  producte  and  to  give  the  manuiac^ 

SrLSS^?."fl.*°  «PP«'*^<r  iTu"  ^ssa^^  to  adapt 

the  goods  to  the  rogoirements  ci  the  peopleT^iWUsh  and  Germrn 
importers  and  retail  merchantB  cu  not  1^  exMetod  to  push  3 
H'r^f**  »in«  f«)m  their  o^S^^^wS^.^  Althtt 

present  sales  would  not  lustily  direct  representetion  in  the  Strata 
Settlements  for  any  mdmdual  manufacturer  of  canned  foods  a 
cooperative  sellmg  agency,  with  a  warehouse  and  supplies,  or  even 

If^KV  T'iT''!^''"  ''"I"  "^  American  canned  ftids/could  be 

established  by  the  combme<f  efforts  of  American  cannera.   This  im- 

^"^t  '^^"•d  be  a  most  desirable 
pomt  at  which  to  make  such  a  start.  Until  some  such  work  is  done 
^ncan  canners  need  not  hope  for  large  sales  except  in  such  products 

Sf^t«"^''P***^'*'5f*'*'^  as  canned  salmon  hks  done    and  even 
cases  larger  profits  and  sales  could  be  effected  by  a  man  repre- 
sentmg  aU  the  padtois  working  in  unison.  «  ujr  » laan  repre- 

DOTCH  EAST  INIHES. 

u^^i  East  iidies  is  Oie  name  given  to  Dutch  possessions  in  the 

P«t «  Borneo,  Celebes, 

37!n7^7  "  ^^"^  ^  population 

The  island  of  Java  is  the  only  one  of  this  huge  group  tbat  ins  been 
fulhr  opened  and  developed.    Sumatra  is  being  OTa(^iallv  ncpbited 
anf  the  unfnendly  tribes  brought  under  controlf  but  Borne^ 
Uumea,  and  the  other  dependencies  are  as  yet  but  Uttie  developed. 
principaUy  at  a  few  pomts  along  the  seaooast. 

Malay  IS  the  language  adopted  by  the  Dutch  as  the  means  of  com- 
munication, as  It  IS  the  most  easily  acquired  and  is  generally  known 
fn"!?^!^*     t-"  "^.^y  ^iale'  ts  in  the  different  islands  and 
lI^^J^^^!^^^  °l      same  island,  but  Malay  is  a  common 
tengrai^  BBed  ahke  by  the  Chinese,  Javanese,  and  Dutch.  It  is 
tau^t  m  the  schools  m  tlie  Netheriands,  and  proficiency  in  the  Ian 
^^Wt^^a^-'t  •J»^«i»<™ent  to  a  poet  m  the  E^st  Indies. 
«^  n,,^  30,098,000  mha&tants  of  Java,  293,190  are  Chinese  and 
64^7  Europeans  or  peisons  of  European  descoit. 
»,WT"*?'^^  *re  ahnoet  entir^  engaged  in  agricultural  pursuits, 
while  the  Chinese  have  practically  entiidy  abso%ed  the  retaU  busi^ 
ness.   The  principal  busmess  cities  are  Sonrabaya,  Batavia.  and 
bamarang,  and  imports  an  redistributed  from  these  cities  to  the 
various  ports  of  the  archipelago.   The  wholesale  importing  business 
m  canned  foods  is  largely  m  the  hands  of  two  or  three  Dutth  houses. 
One  of  these  has  a  mam  office  m  Batavia  and  branch  houses  in  Sonra- 
baya, bamarang,  and  Bandoeng.  This  firm  stated  that  the  sabs  of 


OAinnp-aooDB  xeadb  in  thb  fae  east. 


69 


foods  were  divided  in  the  following  proP»rJ»o°8=  ^„ 
SSuLutrTheTSe  ~tion  of  cann^f^^^^ 

' tlmchatka  and  ^.-T>^Z^J^^t^  n^^ 
ance  in  the  native  stores  in  the  mtorwr  »^*'^eanned  foods 

be  as  much  liked  .A;^^'^''^*^-  bJ^^tffifrom  the foUowing 
Setf'eTp^orfrX'Syrs'SL'^^^^^  I>«tch  East  Indies: 


Aittdet. 


Oysters  

fruit: 

Dned  apples......  

Apples,  green  or  ripe.  

Dried  apricots  

Dried  peadies  •  

Prunes  

Raisins   •••iv'i  

All  other  fruits,  green,  ripe,  or  artea  

Cuined  fruits —  -iLiiiyiJ^tV., 

^AoS«rpnpMid  or  pnserved  fruits  

Wamf.  

Canned  oew  

Canned  pork.  

All  other  canned  meat  

Condensed  milk  

Gannett  vegetables  -  

jKlier,  deluding  pickles  and  sauces  


1908 


$11,286 
6 


1909 


116,908 
130 


387 

*iTi" 


662 
277 
656 
30,000 
19 
10 


83 


180 


804 


367 
477 
1,368 
30,978 


91 

3,504 
110 
3,378 


66 

5 


1910 


115,920 
196 
8ft 

276 
705 
372 
9 
233 
165 
157 
33,858 
82 
U 

4,990 
1,015 
2,883 
9 
601 
130 


1911 


$17,937 
390 
86 

848 

"iii55* 


70S 
267 
506 
49,848 

18 

10,892 
1,274 
458 
480 
1,228 
484 


1912 


$24,813 
178 


1,867 


1,570 
52 
1,256 
551 
1,025 
73,229 
198 
S 

13,968 
4,036 
3,091 

110 
2,168 

818 


1913 


831,084 
162 


1,498 


1,424 
150 
1,050 
351 
1,043 
61,062 
109 
41 

15,638 
1,288 
1,232 

283 
1,481 

8U 


1814 

$22,'408 

 i» 

3,126 


1,727 
320 
1,813 
317 
801 
78,946 
40 
188 

4,800 
210 
14,300 
342 
4,261 
472 


speaking  of  this  trade  m  l.mna,wnCTBui  demand  in 

^*^o!iXXfitlS^lSiSS^^  ^  be  a  possible 

the  countiT^^  wnere  w  IS  pwu^"«^       Ampriran  Droducts  not  canned  at 

ie^  ^iriXr'Se'^^^^^^ 

K^UWed  for  that  company  the  larger  portion  of  the 
Sds^ W  adrertises  extensively  m  Maky^^^^^^^ 

bET'i'  ^ThTis  notfh  word  a  'S&d";^ll^^^ 
ST^aW  i^edrikV^  in«H,rtod  for  ««  natives.  In- 


|||wr»       a4mrBKao<MM  •atam  nr  xh>  fab  bast. 

ducements  are  <dteted  for  exclnsiTe  mIm  anH  «  i^r^^^r,*  *•  t 
company  is  located  in  Batovii  to  representative  of  the 

Suefi  work  wUl  We  to  beSSi^ESfL^i.*'"*^'''^'^'""  ''^  tl'^  ^les. 
manufacturer  Se^d^TtoiS^  ^^^^7  ^t^n^^^^^^ 
such  Amencan  products  as  stand  alonHirfoLi  no?^^^*^!^  f'^ 
where  as  salmon  and  California  fnSt,  «»^SS,^L«d^iTt^^^^^ 
ploitation  of  Kamchatka  and  J«p.>^'4LSi^S?fa'ti!^.l*^ 
even  these  sales.  *  "»»J  «n  tone  decrease 

.  fiK     5"^^?*  East  Indies  do  not  offer  bo  att»u.tS» 

a  fieW  for  Amencan  canned  foods  as  do  some  otW  P.?  rw*^ 
countries,  yet  if  taken  within  the  zone  of  a  Ztral  H^*^t^F"**^ 
sales  oKanization  0Deratin<r  Cm  «iiw,  central  distobutoig  and 
tli«e iSbif^iX  Kia  and  MX'  covering 

woidd  imdoubtedfy^'^rth  wMe    K  '^"^^ 

not  be 

tHbtain  SSTrf  fl^T^«^rj°  ^'^^  ^«  ™»ke  such  vkte 
^^««Hn  aome  of  tbe  teade  that  Amencan  manufacturers  should 

anSiS(ar^i¥ir^;*,2LS^V^  Peninsula 
from  the  fact  that  Uie TeS^irS?  ti;JfLr  •  independently 
from  those  Wd  ST^irir'carfa*'^^^^^^^ 
^ony  with  an  area  of  25,000  square  mS^Sl  f  pSSn  ac'co^ 
to  the  census  of  1911  of  41104117  SS  "  P"P'"»won,  accord- 
ii^rtant  element.       '  ^  Smgljalose  are  the  most 

^^"^'^  products  of  the  kland  ar«  asricultnral  th«  n«n„.v.i 
exports  bemg  tea,  coflFee,  cinchona,  nibbercocT^rinn«J^ 

ftSwnL  •       ?  precious  stones  and  pearl  fisheri^ 

CrtOTibo,  the  pnncipal  city,  is  aUo  the  center  of  dSution  f«. 

the  island  L  md^SwvaShe  wealth  o'f  tt  n1  ^  «'J^q««ter  of 
area  nuAes  Ceylon  one  of  t^  most  parous  of  tfi  Fnt  T  ?  *^ 

A  lai«  proporJon  of  the  16^^?^     a  n 
operaledbywwdihrSirrhalfiM  «iriVr.  X  1     a  es  are  owned  and 

joccessful  ones"t7iiT£t^^'^rfThl^E^^^^^^^^  '"f*  • 

these  es  ates  are  pnrehased^ZdDX  TKrl  1"PP''^  for 
the distribuMon hoJ^sesfoTMmSd f^^in  ^' 

of  the  Erg ish  and  X  "ShiJfa^pSe?T^^^^  F 

largd  depar  ment  s'omq  nf  rtr>i-«»Ar  P'^V  ^ngish.  Four  of  (he 

onfy  a  .r^irg  .Ven^  of  c^^^oST^  ^^h'^  <.^^°" 

Amencan  canned  foods  are  fnimrl  X^^^Ttc^^^-  ^^^^ 

^labeled  iB.Ix,ndoror  ^e^^oSf  bTfhe  Erf  S 
large  trade  in  Engish  colonic    H^a  ^.k^  ?  ^"PP'y  * 

foiid  are  CalifonSa  fmi  s  and'a  w«n  ^ZJT^ 
these  have  been  pU^rby  AmenfaJ^Z^T^-*'*  pWdes.  and 
T«i  ed  Ceylon.   Ene  ish  firm,  r?^Mi«!?l  "ProsentaHvee  who  have 
to  this  secilon  and  keep  h,  cC  tolfc-^h  Th^J^V.  "P"sentaliT«e 


04KHEI>-a00DS  TEAM  W  THB  FAB  BAST 


71 


cally  unknown.  The  Mglo-Swias  company  has  its  own  headq^Jf^ 
ters  on  the  prindpal  thoroughfafe  of  Colombo,  and  actively  pushes 
the  market.  AtuKSlian  fruits  are  makirg  headway,  but  Eng.ish 
brands,  such  as  Cross  &  BlackweU  and  C  E  Morion  are  so  weU 
egtal>lkhed  that  only  the  superiority  of  the  Calif orma  fruit  enables 
it  to  hold  its  own.  The  saUnon  is  principally  under  Eng  ish  labels, 
although  some  sahnon  is  placed  through  an  American  firm  that  has 
had  a  representative  on  the  ground.  The  English  salmon  is  pnnr 
cipallv  American  salmon  relabeled  in  London  and  Liverpool. 

T£  addition  to  the  large  department  stores  there  are  about  16  or  17 
native  shopkeeper  in  the  ''fettah,"  the  native  section  of  Colombo, 
but  an  inspection  of  their  shelves  showed  only  English  goods. 

The  wealth  of  the  Singhalese  and  the  demand  on  Hie 
estates  for  certain  kmds  of  canned  foods  create  a  fairly  good  martnt. 
but  American  canned-food  manufacturers  can  obtam  only  a  smaU 
proportion  of  this  on  account  of  the  s^ng  Eng^iah  mfh^  and 
natural  preference  for  famiUar  brwids  of  Engjsh  goods.  The  ody 
method  by  which  American  toas  can  mcreasetheu-  sales  would  be 
to  have  representatires  visit  the  country  at  certam  deEnite  penods 
and  to  advercise  to  bettor  famiUarize  the  people  with  Amencan 
brands.  Ceylon  could  be  very  readUy  canvassed  by  such  a  repre- 
sentative wno  would  also  include  India  m  his  itinerary. 

The  ci»toms  returns  id  Ceylon  include  the  to^.al  importation  of 
cannedfoods,  amountmg  to  approximately  S300,000  of  which  amount 
ill  679  are  credited  to  the  TJnited  States.  This,  however,  does  not 
Ldibate  the  imporls  viaEng  and,  which  are  credited  to  Great  Britam. 
There  seems  to  be  some  feeiing  against  American  canned  meats  on 
account  of  the  packing-house  inves  iga  ions  several  years  ago,  and 
Aus'ralian  frozen  mea.  largelv  holds  the  market,  precluding  saJea 
of  American  tinned  mea^s.  The  following  import  sta^isacs  for  1911 
show  the  origin  of  various  kinds  of  canned  foods: 


AftldM  Hid  fleaBtHH  of  oilfiii. 


Beef,  tinred: 

Ui  iled  Kingdom  

Aus^r.ilisia  

United  States  

Austria  

Butter,  tinned: 

United  Kingdom...  

British  India  and  Bunnjt. 

Australasia  

France  -  

Switzerland  

Ftth,  tim  ed: 

United  Kingdom.  „  

British  Indto  and  Banna. 

New  South  Wales  

Canada  

United  States  

Pflpfrim    .... 

France  

Oiiiiianj  • — 

Wygrtands  

Po^gai  and  Spaiii  

"f^lit,  preserv  ed: 

United  Kingdom  

British  lnd&  and  Burma 

tt^ts  Settlements  

Iwngkong  

New  South  Wales  

New  Zealand.  


Valnei. 


11,985 
2,606 
34 
SB 

204 
45,523 
7,662 

21,422 
704 
6 
17 
4,970 
530 
1,280 
1,320 
856 
8 

3,01)9 

3,060 
4,058 
15 
3 

1,010 
4S 


Articles  and  oonntiies  ol  origin. 


Fruit,  preserved— Continued. 

Tasmai  ia.......  

Victoria...  

South  Austiralia  

United  states  

China  

Forrlgn  India  

Belgium  

Fra  CO.  ................... . 

Oevmany.. 

Netterands.   — 

Italy  

Russia  in  Europe  and  Asia. 

Portugal  and  Spaia  

Swit^eiimd  

Ifillr,  preserved: 

U!ited  infdom  

■  British  India  and  Bonn.. 

Straits  Settlements.  

Australisia  

United  States  

Austria  

Franks.  

Germany  

Netherlands  

Italy  

Switzerland  

Mutton,  tinced: 

United  '  ingdom  

I     AiMtralMfa — ........... 


Values 


12,920 
7,099 

1 

SA 
8LliB' 
18? 

17 
l» 

88 
8 

1,477 
372 
218 

i 

160 
084 
483 

1,825 
136,966 

878 
l>«7 


72 


04SirXIH300D6  XKAIII  nr  THB  FAB  BAST. 


i^thl7o^  °'  American  canned  foods  into  the  PhilbDiMHEi 

iSS^c^'e/^JoT'whS^^  Sera 
««  in       Straite  S^?CenU  S  Ja^fj^lj^^^ 
enonnous  aaJes  in  Far  Eastern  countripq    Pw!^!,       poMibihty  for 
would  be  justified  thPo^^ouUhk  Sn  oiZZ^T^^^^nl.:^ 

sl^rOTdS;r''fflr2i^  agencv^rtSfiZt'iK 

^TCS^Sli^nv,?*^'  may  bTatt  n>Sed  o 

41,035  Chinese  in  1903  m  tte  ji«t  10  yem.   Tben  were 

sun  Uttt  is  so  familiar  in  the'unitTsS^' Wdl  ^tLL^^'^S^ 

who^Lntf^i  salesmen  with  automoMw 

Z  A^^^  f  S  g^o^'e"  t«  make  sales,  all  mvw^ 

<rf  Amemcra  Business  hfe  contrasted  very  stronrfv  with  ZtWU^n 
oH^Fu  Eastern  countries.  It  would  Be  incoilect  to  s^lw  th^ 
methods  are  abso  utely  American,  for  they  are  modified  to  It 

»>t?n»ti9«  to  witch  the  ^iff^rent  Sods  used  bv 
the  sakiBineii  m  deakig  wifli  the  Spanish  retail  groee?  and  ^th  Z 
Chmaman,  and  no  newcomer  unfamliar  with  the  t^P«  «„T  „  * 
student  or  obeenrer  could  make  a  sS^wXeiSr  ^The  jSierkan 
wholesale  firms  have  tramed  men  tm  this  woA  3' tK„^!"? 
show,  are  distributing  aimuaIirmoro^mrmoiSf^A,^ir  ^^^^^istics 
goods.  Thisactive^citiTaiwIflM^ASSLTT.^-^^^^^^  '""^]^^'^ 
islands,  has  P-sl.ed  ilX!:u:^^^i^ZZtZ 
by  the  Caucasians  m  the  Philippines,  and  the  coiinmnKnn  v 

\  ^l^f  «^  natives  ^S^^J^ 

annually.    Among  the  artie  es  favored  bv  the  nat^^  S 

Wood  are  a  number  of  canned  vegetabl^  Aed  in  ^^0!^^ 

mmientp  and  peppers  of  various^orts.   %e  use  ofl^^^^^t 

of  Spanish  m  adveitising  and  on  the  labels  of  f oodstX^tonZd  fo^ 

natires  is  important,  and  this  is  recognized  byX  kree^1?^^o^^n 

^^^housee.  who  print  circulars  in  Spanish  for  the  l^efiT  of such 

State.  d«rii«  &  last  jw^nav  b^  aK        ^h/^^^^  ^f^J^ 


{igmwihQomm  xeadb  m  tsa  fab  bast.  7I 

««iilar  to  tlie  ones  begun  in  Japan,  China  and  Siheria  toobtam^^^^ 
markets  in  the  remaining  countnes  of  the  Far  il^t.    iney  aireaay 

dominate  the  others.  ^      x.         a  ^^^««* 

This  company  must  pay  duty  on  its  products,  whereas  Amenom 
condensed  iiltis  admitted  free  of  duty,  and  yet  the  acUve  work 
done  by  the  Anglo-Swiss  Co.  has  not  been  met  by  the  Amenom  nu^ 
ufacturera,  who  have  not  felt  the  necessity  of  backing  up  th«p  rep- 
resentatives in  the  Philippines  with  funds  for  ad^tiamg.  m 
Anglo-Swiss  Co.  has  branc"h  factories  in  Australia,  .'«»'»«'^«»X^.^!f 
c^  be  conveniently  made.  Inducenwnto  a»  given  the  Chm 
Spanish,  and  Filipiio  merchanta  to  seU  AngloSww  )>';««i^o^y- 
10  cent^  per  case  rebate  to  the  CJhiiwee.  7  cents  to  the  Spamards^ 
and  1  cent  to  the  FUipinoe  at  the  end  of  each  ax  months  P?,^? 
they  have  sold  no  othir  brands.  .Thesdlca  are  larger  to  the  Chmese 
retain  merchan(«  than  to  the  Spi  iiilirifapino, V.ifSl^ 
are  better  retaU  merchanta  and  are  a^ropnataig  the  reta>l  tra^f  1? 
the  PhiUppiMB  as  they  have  in  Smgapore,  Siam  and  the  Dutch 
East  Indwe.  Several  of  the  best  grocery  stores  m  Mamla  are  owned 
bT  Chinese  and  the  stock  is  equal  to  that  of  stores  of  greater  pre- 
t^<m  in  the  United  States,  The  suasess  and  growth  of  one  or  two 
of  these  CSiinese  grocery  stores  handhng  practicaUy  nothing  but 
^erican  canned  goods  is  suflacient  proof  of  what  can  be  done  m 

Of  course,  back  of  this  success  is  the  fact  that  the  retaU  merchant 
has  the  large  stock  of  the  wholesale  American  importera  from  which 
to  replenish  his  own  stock  without  waiting  indefinitely  for  shipments 
and  l)othering  with  correspondence  with  Americans  who  do  not 
fuUsT  understand  hun  or  know  his  standmg.  He  is  not  allowed  to 
depend  upon  his  own  mitiative  in  placipg  orders,  but  is  foUojred  up 
bv  the  American  salesman  of  the  wholesafer  m  true  Amwican  fashion. 

The  organization  of  the  larger  American  importing  finns  in  Manila 
is  iust  the  kind  that  should  be  inaugurated  by  the  cooperative  ^orte 
of  the  American  canning  interests  in  Chma  and  other  far  eastttn 
points.  The  success  in  increaang  the  sales  of  American  canned 
foods  through  a  stricUy  American  organization  m  the  Phihppmes 
bears  out  t&  statement  that  American  methods  will  succeed  when 
vifforouslv  and  earnest'  attempted.  That  busuless  in  American 
cimned  foods  m  duna  could  follow  the  pace  set  by  the  American 
imiB  selling  oil,  tobacco,  and  sewing  machines,  if  undertaken  by  an 
American  cooperative  seUing  organization,  seems  clearly  enougH 
demonstrated  by  the  progress  made  by  Amencan  importers  using 
such  an  organization  m  the  Phihppm^.  . 

The  exports  of  American  canned  foods  to  the  Phihppmes  are 
shown  in  the  following  table: 


1908 

1909 

1910 

1911 

1912 

1013 

mi 

Fish: 

184,533 

$74,792 

1396,604 

1225,885 

$422,001 

$590,128 

$206,800 

Ffah  ottiffiT  thw"  fr'"""  ■iMjiflah 

13,525 

14,457 

11,946 

11,055 

20,063 

8,766 

2,181 

9,184 

10,620 

11,188 

9, 100 

12,700 

6,365 

4,206 

2,767 

3,646 

8,383 

9,259 

10,432 

4,131 

1,759 

All  otb^  fish  and  fish  products .... 

342 

1,137 

1,612 

4,487 

1,421 

393 

^Ig 

s,7n 

«,904 

ia;ttL5 

21,608 

11,328 

Fruit: 

377 

469 

1,232 

2,046 

5,754 

1,267 

1,700 

2,461 

6,711 

14,064 

16,501 

34,399 

50,458 

Its 

m 

89B 

573 

445 

343 

1,821 

i 

m 

617 

3.S80 

306 

323 

HQS. 

ino. 

IQU 

1013 

1914 

Sra  It— ContiiiiMd. 

Raisliu...  I. 

tl04 

tm 

S3. 420 

13,032 

17.825 

429 

1.639 

6,906 

13,  (M3 

S2.315 

04,722 

13,149 

15,645 

10.253 

12.314 

?3,113 

29.504 

27.823 

81,7W 

59.S78 

60,207 

57,208 

16.094 

5.751 

3,925 

•*BoUi«  preMrvwl  or  pi^i;^ 

106,250 

77, 181 

75,383 

«,516 

6,183 

5,759 

10.853 

mjjf " "  •  •  • 

1.001 

1785 

2.838 

l^«15 

8.053 

0,510 

7,7)1 

3,495 

^S^kV;::   

l%385 

40.202 

67.no 

34.340 

1:978 

16.000 

10.464 

771 

174,476 

28,9?3 

8,957 

All  other  caaned  anitl. 
Ccmdensed  milk.      ,  "  

26,830 

49,894 

116,834 

77,757 

8.275 
138,769 

145 

940 

167. 602 

134,790 

163,785 

235.681 

218,306 

127. 473 

104.873 

cnned  viiitowii::*.*:::*:  

10,135 

6.408 

16.319 

17,635 

103.924 

157.406 

ii7B3 

116.930 

93.121 

116,574 

194,942 

7.557 

0,250 

^oCiiar.lMiiidli«pleiEtot'i^'^;^ 

It,  542 

40.328 

38.068 

48, 465 

76,281 

103,492 
40kll7 

114,012 

lo^ioo 

NOTES  ON  THE  TRADE  IN  fiGYPT. 


Mock  <rf  giods  m  th«  Tanous  ratau  stons  in  Akotandria  Cftiro  «nA 
fTJ.T'      /^««,P™cipal  cities  from  whidf^h  «'ods^ 
Skbeis""'*"^  *  Imute/supply  of  Ainerican  goods, ^o^t'lTfrom 

There  are  three  classes  of  trade  in  Feypt-  First  thn  tnuta  nf  <i..  i  

grocenr  ^tablishments  caterirg  to  ffi^gh^a^  andfonriit  ♦ 
««ond;  those  establishments  in^  Alexand^f  ^^'^.o^t  slid^pSS 
the  ships  reqmnng  provisions  at  those  n«inia- 7i,;fj   *^  P^^?* 

£S»i^iisssriThS^in*?r:2^^^^  ^ 

rl'^l^  'J^  •nd/JloTc'L  er  rgToThe  ttristTrad? 
The  lack  ot  Amencan  goods  in  these  stores  if  very  ^1^31  l^t 

stMmera.   The  fiim  supplying  Cook's  tourist  boats  stated  that  th^^ 
had  only  one  American  cann«ja  food-  asparf  gas    (hilT  i^^^^^^ 
lean  manufacturei?  were  represented  in  tL  s.^d^  ciS  hv  thfurT 

hotraTcit^^^Srb'  ^  ^.-^  ^^^^^ 

noieis  01  mat  city  and  these  slocks  were  not  Asplaved  conftnu.nn,«i^ 

V^%1T^  commenis  apply  largoly  to  the  firms  of  Alexandria  and 
JStS  of  fi'^^UvP'-.  stor^rSfnat"; 

ties  Of  Califoniia  ifuii  uad  A^c^sa  Sot kre  ou„^^^^^^ 
afOwse  stores  under  Engash  labels.    Info^aln  gathered  i^'lS^e^ 
pool  and  Ix»ndon,  M  weii  as  in  California  and  Seaule  demonsi^^td 
dearly  that  quantities  of  AmerieiB  goods  are  shipped  o  LZdon  and 
'^^'^i  »t  ^J»ich  poiE^s  labels  of'^Kh  Zd 


^lAVBBD-OOOM  IBADB  IH  XHB  TAB  EAST. 


75 


from  America.  The  trade  in  canned  vrgit  ables  is  largely  in  the  hands 
of  the  Italians  and  Greeks,  there  beirg  numbers  of  each  nationality 
in  Ferpt.  and  fruits  from  these  couu  ries  are  also  compe  ii  g  on 
account  of  the  low  prices,  with  the  American  g)ods  enleni  g  i  gypt 
b?^  London  and  l/verpool.  Largs  quaniiaes  of  Sirgapore  pmft- 
apple  are  consumed  in  t  gypt,  but  practicaU^  Hawaaan  pmeapple 
has  found  iis  way  into  this  market.       ^^HP.  .   .    „  , 

The  American  firms  who  are  trymg  to  obtain  •  trade  m  Egypt 
have  endeavored  to  place  their  giods  upon  the  market  by  in«»8  «I 
egoms  in  Alexandria,  the  principal  busmeM  center  of  the  county 
but  results  have  not  alwa^  been  satisfactoiy,  and  m  several  cases 
mvere  losses  have  been  incurred.  .  ,  .    ,         ,  ^ 

system  adopted  by  American  canned-food  manufacturers  m 
supplvine  the  Egyptian  market  with  canned  foods  througa  Liver- 
3       London:  ^der  English  labels,  does  not  promise  any  per- 
Sument  hold  on  tiiis  market    An  analysis  of  the  trade  m  unlabeled 
goods  sent  to  England  shows  that  the  Ergish  distribu(ers  of  London 
Sd  Liyerpool  hive  many  other  marke  s  similar  to  I  gypt  to  wh^^^h 
American  goods  eventually  find  then-  wav  as  Engash  brands.  Should 
Auslraha  or  some  other  country  ever  be  able  lo  compele  with  tne 
California  fruit  there  m  glit  be  serious  inroads  mto  what  AmencMas 
now  consider  their  Eng  ish  trade.    If  American  cannera  could  wm- 
bine  in  a  central  disiributing  plant  m  London  or  Liverpool,  witn 
travelirg  salesmen  visiiii  g  European  and  other  counines  ime 
Egypt,  within  easy  reach  of  England,  ^^^^8  could  be  paduaUy 
esTktlished  for  American  goods.   Constant  yrork  with  t^e  beoer 
class  of  retail  merchants  would  then  result  m  a  better  sale  of  tlw  best 
quality  of  American  canned  foods.   At  first  glance  this  may  not 
seem  justified,  but  if  American  canned  foods  are  to  gam  any  per- 
man^t  hold  on  these  markets,  such  tactics  will  be  necessary     i  here 
ii  no  reason  why  the  Egyptian  market  should  not  absorb  mucH 
heater  quantities  of  American  canned  goods.     ,  ,    ,  ^  ,  . 

The  cheaper  grades  of  fruits  and  other  canned  foods  find  a  good 
market  in  ^ypt  among  the  native  stores,  but  when  these  stores 
reouire  small  quantities  of  goods  it  is  absolutely  impossible  to  pur- 
c^be  du-ect  from  America.  A  number  of  instances  were  noted 
where  retailers  desired  to  purchase  mixed  shmments  of  goods,  but 
the  impossibihty  of  securing  such  shipments  From  America,  not  to 
mention  the  delay  incurred  in  receiving  such  consignments,  drives 
aU  of  these  orders  to  England.  Such  mixed  shipments  s«it  from 
England  are  more  likely  to  contain  a  larger  proporUon  <^  nimHy 
Enlhsh  goods  than  would  be  the  case  if  an  American  di^  butmg 
house  loc  ated  m  London  could  make  up  such  shipments  for  European 

and  Egyptian  markets.  ^  ,        ^  1 1  • 

The  followmg  statement  of  imports  of  canned  vegeUbles  mto 
Egypt  in  1913  shows  the  sources  supply:  


GoimtriMofor^liB. 


Mediterranean  poasefisliios. 

Brltidi  Indies  

British  Aastnlftife  

Uermany  

Austria-Hiufary  

Belgiuxn..  -■• 

DmBouk.  

Imited  States  .•• 

France  


Value. 


I4J,7.6 
1,448 
499 

376 

2.135 
3,3jU 
49 
1£3 
2/.  14 


Countries  of  origin. 


Greece  , 

Netherlands.. 

Italy  

Russia..  

Sweden  

S  itzerland. 

Libia  

'iHrjtey  


TM. 


Valna. 


14,063 

m 

423 
277 
3,7o2 
M 


T6 


Artidfls. 


•MMiCAif  noi»iiiom 

Laneh  tonniK 

1-  iwona  tin,.  

|-|oimd  tin.  Zl 

Gtama  beef: 

l^und  tin  

i^onndtin  J*'** 

iJMwIof  beef,  l-pound  tin  

mma  Star  baoon,  1-pound  glass 
Quaker  oats: 

2-  poiuid  tin  

^iNnmd  package...  I.] 

grown  braoct,  aHwnnd  tin. . 
Eldorado,  2H)oiinii  tin.. 

Stag,  S-pound  tin  

Pears: 

grown  brand,  %foimd  tin. . 

EldoiBdo,  mmm  tin  

^Btag^HomSmZ.  

ApriootK 

Eldorado ,  2H>oioii  tin 

Stag,  3-pound  tin.  I'.'. 

Tooaio  pwif,  2|-|wiiiid  tin  


Cost 
prices 

in 
Cairo. 


Retafl 


to.  32 

10118 

.18 

.22 

*S 

*8ft' 

*» 

.18 

.90 

.28 

.86 

16 

.20 

.13 

•  17 

.07 

•10 

.13 

.17 

•28 

.m 

.80 

•10 

.87 

.80 

•  20 

.35 

.30 

.40 

.87 

•80 

.30 

•  40  , 

.87 

.80 

.12 

.17 

H  ITALIAN  nODVOm. 

ii  Bed  cherries: 

J pound  tin  
pound  tliw..^  
is: 

21-pound  tin  

_    Ij-poundtlu  ;.."r 

Pears: 

2H>ound  tm  

.    IffMund  tin  

Apricots: 

21-pound  tin  

ll-pound  tiBM.. 
Mixed  fruits: 

2i-pound  tin,  

iHxMiQd  tin  

White  elierries,  if-pound  tin,.' ' 
MlrabeU  plums,  IHNNmd  tto.;.* 
g^^l^oundttau^  , 

l^eawd^beef,  l-pound  tin  

Spiced  beef  l-pound  tin  

Corned  beef,  l-pound  tin  

Brawn,  l-pound  glass  

Ham  and  tongue,  l-pound  ^Lass., 


Cost 
prices 
in 


10.22 
.B 

.28 
.U 

.22 
.12 

.22 
.U 

.23 
.13 
.12 
.12 
.U 
•  U 


.37 
.37 
.37 
.25 
>86 


In  discussing  the  best  methods  of  increaaiDg  Ameifcan  canned- 
food  exports  u  is  necessay  to  note  the  general  conditions  sunoun^ 
the  production  of  canne<r  foods  in  the  United  States,  as  w3l  m  tfil 
present  methods  of  sale  and  distribution  of  the  producU  ^  " 
C.tj^l^'^      •  "^'^      Canner's  Directory,  compiled  by  ihe  National 

S^iS  i^'^'^r'ir  1?^?'  fS"^^  ^^"^  business  (the  value 

<rf  wh^  Bgiven  by  the  Umted  States  census  of  1910  as  $157  101  000) 

fo,Srf!lr?K«-  t'P^'^^^-  A  large  percentage  of  these  f^ 
tones  confine  thor  activities  to  the  canning  of  one  or  two  nroductl 

dJr.":&l?*"jS'  of  sunplyind  have  a  uStffe^^n 

dumig  whidi  the  product  b  packed.  Such  firms  usuallv  have 
hmued  capital  and  small  indi^dual  output,  varying  i^  quantUy 
^.Cii?  H^'  '^'^  to  «»«onr^  in  many  cases  thw  are 
C^d'^^wSrrd'vr  ^  ^te  tomV  factonL  of 

f»^S!^  i..™  ^i'-  •  ^f^-  fsotories  and  manu- 

S^tSI^^"?  omnizati<a^  aad  to  taks  ears  of  this  feature 
^^^.^^  '"•'{^  canned-goods  brokerage  liniiB  hare  come  into 
existence.  Through  them  suppKee  are  b^t  and  tlie  finidbed 
product  sold  on  a  comnusaonlbaffls,  and  in  some  cases  finaocinff  ^ 
by  tSLe  &        dOTatopmeiit  of  the  business  is  aooon^&l^ 

The  more  successful  and  the  older  factories  are  those  laner  omn. 
izaUons,  made  up  ,  of  ten  by  the  con^inatimi  of  a  munber  of  si^r 


OAnraD-oooDB  nuDB  ra  thb  fab  babe, 


n 


fwitories  under  one  management,  with  si^acient  capital  for  fatoe 
nSdr  These  larger  factories  do  not  confine  *^ 
Dwducta,  but  endeavor  to  pack  as  large  a  vanety  of 
SWe  erectine  branch  canning  houses  at  the  pomts  <rf  prodBctem. 
sS  c^Ses  are  occuS  camiiBg  for  a  m»A  g'»J«P«^ 
the  year  t^an  the  single-product  f«=t«ri««.^?«P*^?»;jl^ 
factories  as  the  condensed-milk  '^^'^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
thevear.   These  large  compames  hare  toanwauieiMcesBMy 

ization  and  advertismg.  .....  it  -—..^.^.n^.  «r  the,  adver- 

Too  much  stress  can  not  be  laid  oto      >»°PO^an(»  of  toe  «1vot 

iJ^  of  canned  foods.   Advertising  «^SS^*i^^f?*^^ed 
^t.i  fAfttiirna  necMssTV  to  build  up  a  real  export  trade  m  cannea 
roods^d^T^Snumaged  byWign  agents  can  not  be  so  effi- 
goo<te,  *^'JJ^7r^™«J^;^^™  (My  fJSniliar  with  the  goods  to  be 
IttaS.^  SSy  ?raoSionalities  ani  the  means 
rf^L»£SC^Sh^^«rtising suited  to  their  peculi*"t««  "^J 
SiSffitoSdWo  theif  tastes,  and  this  can  be  best  accomphs^^ed  by 
SSSsTfaSiSted.   The  l«ger  maiiufa^turers  tave  fomd  seUmg 
SSticms  aad  advertising  ateolutely  necessa^  at  home,  and  such 
coScems  are  practicaUy  the  only  ones  that  have  been  ^  anyw^ 
■Metooitar  fMWgn  fields  successfully  and  permanenUy .   The  smalla 
SS£  bassh^Iin  the  benefits  of  the  advertismg  and  extension  of 
ksiness  into  foreign  lands  by  the  larger  concerns.  j-  a- 

A  realization  of  the  benefits  of  cooperation  has  P 
ga^Vtion  of  the  National  Carnie^' Association^  a  a^jj  deamg 
Ron^  for  the  many  canning  estabhshments  n  the  countoy  ™**  j^Jf 
Wht  the  Ldust^  to  a  stlmdard  of  '^^^^T^f^^^ 

^nr«^  ^Mce  tiie  industry  and  to  help  any  of  its  membera 
ffidSX  iH^^techn^  problems  Arising  at  the  facto^. 
STS^Mfigation  of  attacks  upon  the  good  name  of  the  mdustry^ 
i^tS^  the  line  of  report^  cases  of  ptomame  poisonmg  from 
SS^Snned  foods,  has  bek  of  late  years  another  phase  of  the  rnter- 
!!f?fke^7thnrganization-^^  ciLoners.  Efforts  have  also  been 
Sde  to  stSdaxSzeTaws  passed  by  the  dMerent  States.  Such  coop- 
SSSon  ejrtMided  to  forei^  lands  in  the  form  of  an  organization  for 
iSvertising  c^ed  goods  would  insure  the  proper  exploi. 

♦•S-^sSifr^or^r 'Sultional  c^paign  b JJj^o^Jy  ^ 
B^ns  of  determining  which  products  will  becoiM  ready^ 
nmt  setters.   In  others  the  problem  will  be  to  meet  conqpeUtMO  from 
tibe  mS.ictiS.r8  of  other^^countries.  In«^ 
depend  on  adapting  the  goods  to:8»il.  «^^>»^^JgS.!S 


^^^^^^^^   

CZW A JSO*IKIIiPII|,  li Wi.,  Pr.'  IHE  FAB  EAST, 


iMd,  It  my  mean  decreaamg  the  size  of  the  can  to  meet  the  require- 
wmmim  f  economical  peoples,  or  it  may  involve  changes  in  the  goods 
thennelTes  to  suit  the  native  taste.  In  most  cases  ft  will  be  nec^- 
saiy  to  get  away  from  the  idea  that  anything  can  be  crammed  down 
the  throats  of  prospective  consumers  whether  they  like  it  or  not  and 

fc?^  XT  ;?        doB't  iL  it  ly  need  not 

buy  It.  The  German  system  of  finding  out  whBt  the  oUier  feUow 
wants  and  then  imjmg  it  for  him  has  been  an  inmortant  factor  in 
bmlding  up  Germanya  groat  oipoft  trade,  "f-cwrm 


A  nranber  of  photographs  of  Chmese  canneries  and  of  typical  Chi- 
Za^^^'^I^T!^  are  in  ttie  poenession  of  the  Bureau  o?  ForeiSi 
•nd  Domeatie  Oominem  and  may  be  examined  by  those  interested! 

o 


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